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B DG  O T<!U   ehikoqs*wyz {}    2$ X/x Rjc(2$9Ju h(r$.[]- ='>i 2$D묰+?p֒/v]2$nvrx,|2$[1ܪ›Ωo\z$2$'aXqbaI'[Q2$c%̠DO|  0AA fff@ʚ;ʚ;g45d5d@:A 0ppp@ <4ddddl$ 0+ <4BdBdl # 0)0___PPT10 ppL___PPT9.&?  %/+Are translations longer than source texts?,,0 ,LA corpus-based study of explicitation Ana Frankenberg-Garcia ISLA, Lisbon(MP'% MWhat is explicitation?  Obligatory explicitation 1(     B5;.&Qualitative evidence of explicitation''( 'LVanderauwera (1985) modifiers, qualifiers & conjunctions Dutch-English Blum-Kulka (1986) lexical repetition English-Hebrew Sguinot (1988) connectives French-English & English-French ~M0Z2($0,! 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(9pZ2,)$ 97Different scales affect different languages differently88( 8N>G:+When comparing text length across languages,,( ,F9K<WF&lWord counts affect different languages differently& 77( 7E8'  COMPARA 5.2  > Similar amount of Portuguese and English, but not balanced 6?XZ21$$ $$1 B 014B 014(!A balanced sub-corpus I )"A balanced sub-corpus II *# The analysis $ D7UE Conclusion 0 SDQA*More future research&   On a more exploratory front:   P@'Implications for translator education?((( ($ Findings like these can help translators become generally more informed about what goes on when they are translating Learning that text length can vary from source texts to translations for more reasons than just the differences between languages is an important step towards this end. %@2% %TCV  ` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴` ff>>\`Y{ff` f3̙\f3y`Ӣ` f3̙\3y`Ӣ` ZXdbmo>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> x(    6X  `}  B Click to edit Master title style!  0  `  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!      0\ ^ `  P*   0  ^   R*   0져 ^ `  R* H  0޽h ? ZXmo80___PPT10.Wv# Default Design`  (    05 P    P*    05     R*    6x6 _P   P*    6S _   R*  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.@}  $(  r  S x^6E 6 r  S _6  6 H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Wp#+D=' = @B +  y@ (  r  S 6 `}  6 ,   p6ATrellis"`0M  ~SOURCE TEXT ST implicit8  , , V  B$6"`/ f,$D 0  TRANSLATION TEXT TT explicit T! , , !   B6  [Vinay e Darbelnet (1958)   H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10..<+-|DO' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+6 +~  4 (  4# 4 j6ATrellis" zT  { ST D $,   4 <6v  YTT (,   4 66j S ,$D 0 T obligatory     4 66  `} O Explicitation =  4 66 wV,$ 0 _when target language grammar forces translators to add information not present in source text``  `H 4 0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10n.A]+92D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 4%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 4D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 4DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 4%(+p+0+ 46 ++0+ 46 +   aY (     s *6S"  `}  6   <6@Z ,$ 0 C Frances liked her doctor. Frances gostava dessa mdica. bD$ $$$$$ $  <6 F  &Trollope, Joanna 1993 A Spanish Lover, London: Bloomsbury. 1999 Um Amante Espanhol, translated by Ana Falco Bastos. Lisboa: Gradiva. L5.v  j6ATrellis" G XST(    <6" G  XTT(  H  0޽h ? ZXmo$___PPT10.a+s_ (D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* C%(+8+0+ 6 +   ((  (: ( 0zq ,$ 0  sua pele lembrava a crosta lunar e tinha o nariz mais volumoso do mundo; o cabelo era cor de fogo [& ] her skin resembled the lunar crust and she had the most voluminous nose in the world; her hair was the color of fire [& ]i$$$$$$,$$ $6fyt ( < z h Rey, Marcos 1986 Memrias de um Gigol, So Paulo: tica Editorial. 1987 Memoirs of a Gigolo, translated by Clifford Landers. New York: Avon L $1  ( 6z  ` ^Obligatory explicitation 2(  ( jzATrellis" zm XST(    ( <(6"   XTT(  H ( 0޽h ? ZXmo$___PPT10.~+s_ (D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(i%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(j%(+8+0+(6 +  8f(  8# 8 j"zATrellis" zT  { ST D ,  8 <(*zv  { TT D ,  8 6+z  `} O Explicitation b 8 642z V,$ 0 when for no grammatically compelling reason translators distance themselves from source text making translation easier to understand    8 67zmj ,$D 0 S voluntary   H 8 0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10n.Cλ+qD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 8%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 8D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 8DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(+p+0+8z ++0+ 8z +  .&<(  < < 6vz  `} ]Voluntary explicitation 1( Z < <yz@Z ,$ 0 8 Voc tambm gosta dela? So you like her too? 29#$$$,w < <z F1  Dourado, Autran 1973 O Risco do Bordado, Rio: Expresso e Cultura. 1984 Pattern for a Tapestry, translated by John Parker. London: Peter Owen. L!2  < jzATrellis" G XST(   < <z" G  XTT(  H < 0޽h ? ZXmo$___PPT10.It+s_ (D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<9%(+8+0+<z +  0@(  @ @ 6@z  `} ]Voluntary explicitation 2( R @ 0Dz@ ,$ 0 H"It's probably Rummidge. -- Ento provvel que seja Rummidge. 2I#$$!$ &n @ 0z F Lodge, David 1975 Changing Places, London: Secker & Warburg. 1998 Invertendo os Papis, translated by Ldia Luther-Cavalcante. So Paulo: Scipione L  =  @ jzATrellis" G XST(   @ <z" G  XTT(  H @ 0޽h ? ZXmo$___PPT10.K0+s_ (D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@ I%(+8+0+@z + ;3d(  d d 6\z  `} ]Voluntary explicitation 3( p d 0hz6 ,$ 0  " All's Well That Ends Well? " he snaps back, quick as a flash. -- Ser que All ' s well that ends well? -- ele diz rpido como um relmpago.* *Tudo est bem quando acaba bem o ttulo de uma pea de Shakespeare, que nasceu em Stratford-upon-Avon.@2  +    %   j in d 0 zR FL Lodge, David 1975 Changing Places, London: Secker & Warburg. 1998 Invertendo os Papis, translated by Ldia Luther-Cavalcante. So Paulo: Scipione L  =  d jlzATrellis" /D" XST(   d <z" 2D%  XTT(  H d 0޽h ? ZXmome___PPT10E.\i&%+s_ (D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*dF%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*dF%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(+8+0+dz +  (  #  jzATrellis" zT { ST D ,   < zv { TT D ,   6 z`j  S voluntary     6z  `} O Explicitation   6zzj  T obligatory   H  0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10`.7+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D>' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+z +2   t\(  tx t c $Xz `}  z  t c $Tz `<$D 0 z H t 0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10.LHY+YD' = @B Du' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t^%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t^%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*tM%(+ x:(  x x <~v p.Ten years or so later& ., X x S 0 ABS00261_]Z f  x <|Ÿ  Rcorpus studies H x 0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10_.WJr+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D=' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =0l9 CCBB*<3<*x+8+0+x +N  b(  ~  s *!~wG  ~   c $"~6 `Y<$ 0 ~ H  0޽h ? ZXmo$___PPT10.N+[W_D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Q%(+8+0+~ +S  T(  T  T 08~M!,$ 0 yIt is one of the universal characteristics of translation Vanderauwera 1985 It is inherent to the nature of the translation process Sguinot 1988 The Explicitation Hypothesis: translations tend to be more explicit than source texts, regardless of the increase in explicitness dictated by language- specific differences Blum-Kulka 1986 \@2i 7 9    T <D~z eClaims about explicitation, H T 0޽h ? ZXmome___PPT10E.R؃+cD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T|%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T|%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(+8+0+T~ +H  Ph\(  hx h c $,N~ `}  ~  h c $N~ `<$ 0 ~ H h 0޽h ? ZXmo$___PPT10.a@t+[W_D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h;%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h;g%(+8+0+h~ +    P 4r (  4r 4 S U~I `  ~  4 c $4Y~? ,<$ 0 ~  40 TA +? ?/  + ~t????????  40 TA ,? ? if  , ~t????????  4 <lZ~  FST,   4 <d~j J FTT, XR  4 0 H 4 0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10..H+[W_DO' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4G%(+8+0+4~ +  M(    6 |~  `j W COMPARA 5.2 6  s *A C? ?  Ct????????  s *A D? ? F Dt????????  < ~:  IST ,   < ~)K  HTT,    0؍~ ,,$ 0 n(Over 1.5 million words Published fiction))$ )XR   0Nz w    <~E c!http://www.linguateca.pt/COMPARA/""$ "   <0~% D4l ,$ 0 L Portuguese    <|~ L< ,$ 0 L Portuguese    <D~ J ,$ 0 IEnglish   <,~S L ,$ 0 IEnglish H  0޽h ? ZXmo  ___PPT10 .(0Z+NerDs ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(++0+ ~ ++0+ ~ ++0+~ ++0+~ ++0+~ +  91 (    6Ȳ~  `} W COMPARA 5.2 6  <~" T ~ ST En D ,   <~v ~ TT Pt D ,   6<~ ,$D 0 T - 1% words     <|~v  x.http://www.linguateca.pt/COMPARA/Contents.html//(H  0޽h ? ZXmo ___PPT10.2+yD' = @B DD' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* +8+0+ ~ +  )!(    6~  `} O COMPARA 5.2 6   <d~" T, ~ ST Pt D ,   <~?IY ~ TT En D ,   6@~ F ,$D 0 T +11% words     <`~v] p.http://www.linguateca.pt/COMPARA/Contents.html// /H  0޽h ? ZXmo ___PPT10.7PS+V1 D' = @B DD' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+8+0+~ +`   P(  r  S ~ `}  ~   S ~z `<$ 0 ~ H  0޽h ? ZXmoH@___PPT10 .: lAb+[W_D' = @B Dw' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* &%(+8+0+~ +5 2(    6  `} O COMPARA 5.2 6    0D v a Word counts as such shed little light on the relationship between translation and explicitationb!b( b,  C *A j0240211"`z NH  0޽h ? ZXmo;3___PPT10.  w+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D)' =4@BB BB%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+/   |6(  |x | c $ Z `*    | c $ t <$ 0   | `A1n44re2z[1] Y<$D 0   | <, m4 ,$ 0 ^How do you measure it?$ H | 0޽h ? ZXmo1 ) ___PPT10 .h` Y+},Dm ' = @B D( ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*|%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*|9%(D' =%(Du' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* |%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*|%(+p+0+| ++0+ | +    (  d  c <A 1n44re2z[1]/ s r  S P$ `}     <%   IEnglish0   <(   L Portuguese 0 H  0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10.nP+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D=' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =0l9 CCBB*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(D=' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =0l9 HBHBBB*<3<* +p+0+  ++0+  +5  { s   (    67  `} RCounting words   0;   _English PortugueseZ$f r  c <A 1n44re2z[1]"` 6w  <@;,$ 0 Tisn t (1)     <lD~ ,$ 0 S no (2)     <HE,$ 0 N gave him (2)      <L tC,$ 0 M dei-lhe (1)      BPOA: ,$ 0 L teapot (1)      BSC~  ,$ 0 Qbule de ch (3)     B(X   ,$ 0 VDid you like it? (4)    BV @ ,$  0 M Gostou? (1)   H  0޽h ? ZXmobZ___PPT10:.P +2DN' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(++0+ ++0+ ++0+  ++0+  ++0+  ++0+  ++0+  ++0+ +   TL(  r  S p_ `/     <4r" J  { ST D ,   <y?7  { TT D , F  6t ,$D 0 Fmore words `" greater explicitation8$  $H  0޽h ? ZXmo ___PPT10."+V1 D' = @B DD' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+8+0+ + 0((    6  `} cExplicitation using fewer words ( v  0@t: ,$ 0 TWhat have I got to complain about? (7 words) De que me queixo ento? (5 words) JU/ $    0 W  0ܗ F  }Lodge, David 1995 Therapy, London: Secker & Warburg. 1995 Terapia, translated by Maria do Carmo Figueira. Lisboa: Gradiva. L~   ; ~  jܟATrellis" G XST(    <" G  XTT(  H  0޽h ? ZXmo> 6 ___PPT10 .0s+[W_Dz ' = @B D5 ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0U%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0U%(+p+0+ ++0+ +   (    6  `} cMore words but no explicitation (   0谔@t ,$ 0 < Fui visit-lo. (2 words) I went to visit him. (5 words) ==  =  0 F 4Fonseca, Rubem 1988 Vastas emoes e pensamentos imperfeitos.So Paulo: Companhia das Letras 1995 The lost manuscript, translated by Clifford Landers. London: Bloomsbury L)37   j(ATrellis" G XST(    < Ô" G  XTT(  H  0޽h ? ZXmo$___PPT10.+=+s_ (D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*=%(+8+0+ +> w(    6|˔  `} WCounting characters   0xϔ  `,$ 0 lEnglish Portuguese isn t (5) no (5) gave him (9) deu-lhe (7) teapot (6) bule de ch (11) Did you like it? (16) Gostou? (7)&(fw( r  c <A 1n44re2z[1]"` H  0޽h ? ZXmo  ___PPT10 . +s_ (Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/K%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Kk%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*k%(+8+0+ +s (    6ݔ  `} VCounting morphemes 6  0  `,$ 0 English Portuguese isn t (4) no (4) gave him (4) deu-lhe (4) teapot (2) bule de ch (3) Did you like it? (4) Gostou? (3)^(fJ((((( r  c <A 1n44re2z[1]"` 6wH  0޽h ? ZXmo  ___PPT10 .!`+s_ (Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/L%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Lk%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*k%(+8+0+ +   c(    6  `} RCounting words   0   _English PortugueseZ$f r  c <A 1n44re2z[1]"` 6w  <L; Tisn t (1)     <D~  K no (2)      <E N gave him (2)      < tC M dei-lhe (1)      B A:  L teapot (1)      BC~   Qbule de ch (3)     B    VDid you like it? (4)    B @  M Gostou? (1)   H  0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10i.a`\a+D=' = @B +Z    n(  r  S 4     c $59GY<$ 0  h" To make any claims about text length across languages based on word counts& & the language-dependent bias of word counts has to be controlled.Z$   fA 1n44re2z[1]"`<1 H  0޽h ? ZXmo$___PPT10.O@7r+[W_D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*O%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(+8+0+ +* X P p  (    BG"`M   TRANSLATION TEXTS @ ,   BJ"`M'M   SOURCE TEXTS @ ,   <T`W ,$D 0 LL10   <8Yq ,$D 0 LL20   <] W ,$D 0 LL20    <[& cf ,$D 0 LL10    6Hc w `G [A bi-directional analysis   <lfuG,$  0 e#But a balanced corpus is essential!$$( $  6j"` 4 ,$D  0 K?    <8 v ,$  0 L> <6 H  0޽h ? ZXmo  ___PPT10.В^+v>D\' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =%(D' =%(D=' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =0l9 CCBB*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(D=' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =0l9 HBHBBB*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(D=' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =0l9 HBHBBB*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(D=' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =0l9 CCBB*<3<* DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+h+0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+  ++0+  ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ +[  @ @(  r  S  `}   x  c $d0  4  rA ekbf1t2r[1]"` I lhhhhhhhh  s *- ,$D 0 p 25 Pt 12 En(pZ    c <A2z2ksojs[1] Y,$D 0  rA2z2ksojs[1]"` $D 0   <\ V  JPt   << M6  JEn H  0޽h ? ZXmoSK___PPT10+.+ID' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+8+0+ +$  _Wp(  r  S |w `G     <4= MEnglish$   < /%Y P Portuguese $ .  lAekbf1t2r[1]"`  lhhhhhhhh  Bе}H ,$ 0 bAssigning equal weight to both languages 16 source texts: 8 Pt + 8 En Same length: 1500 words eachJc0() $  $ cH  0޽h ? ZXmome___PPT10E.-D+ "D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*)%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*)F%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Fc%(+8+0+ +   1)(  r  S p/ `d     ZAj0198458,   <|+7~G BEnsuring no particular author or translator is over-represented *B0(C B  B+"`,$D 0 ) 16 ST = 16 authors 8 Pt + 8 En p*       B ~"`,$D 0 , 16 TT = 16 translators 8 Pt + 8 En -     6 H  0޽h ? ZXmo\T___PPT104.o+Tw.D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+p+0+~ ++0+~ +*{  a"Y"@&;$!(  $ $ <6C"?z ,$D 0 W Pt 1500 words  $ <,Ǹh,$D 0 W Pt 1500 words  $ <쿠& ,$D 0 W Pt 1500 words  $ <0Ġx ,$D 0 W Pt 1500 words  $ <ɠ*6 ,$D 0 W Pt 1500 words  $ <Π" ,$D 0 W Pt 1500 words  $ <Ϡ:F ,$D 0 W Pt 1500 words  $ <Ԡ2 ,$D  0 W Pt 1500 words  $ 6lӠJ V ,$D  0 W En 1500 words  $ 6ݠB ,$D  0 W En 1500 words  $ 6ߠZ0 f ,$D  0 W En 1500 words  $ 6R  ,$D  0 W En 1500 words   $ 6 j@ v,$D 0 W En 1500 words  !$ 60b  ,$D 0 W En 1500 words  "$ 6 z P ,$D 0 W En 1500 words  #$ 6r  ,$D 0 W En 1500 words  $$ 6L^ 4 ,$D 0 B  %$ 6 p,$D 0 B  &$ 6\n D,$D 0 B  '$ 6X  ,$D 0 B  ($ 6H l~ T ,$D 0 B  )$ 6P  ,$D 0 B  *$ 64| d ,$D 0 B  +$ 6p ,$D 0 B  ,$ 6t( ,$D 0 B  -$ 6& ,$D 0 B  .$ 68 ,$D 0 B  /$ 6"$ 6  ,$D 0 B  0$ 6& H,$D 0 B  1$ 6\)4 F,$D 0 B  2$ 6- X,$D  0 B  3$ 640D V,,$D! 0 K?B r 5$ S 2 `d    8$ <4DI P Source Texts    9$ <8XM P Translations    :$ <<,,$" 0 f$Translators notes B ;$ c $D<<,$D# 0H $ 0޽h ? ZXmoqXiX___PPT10IX.+J40DP' = @B DP' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* $%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*'$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*($%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*)$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<**$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*+$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*-$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*2$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3$%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:$%(Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*;$%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*;$D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*;$+8+0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+$ ++0+ $ ++0+!$ ++0+"$ ++0+#$ ++0+$$ ++0+%$ ++0+&$ ++0+'$ ++0+($ ++0+)$ ++0+*$ ++0++$ ++0+,$ ++0+-$ ++0+.$ ++0+/$ ++0+0$ ++0+1$ ++0+2$ ++0+3$ ++0+:$ +q# {0$)(    <4C"?z  B   <xh B   <h&  B   <x  B   <*6  B    <D"  B    <ܷ:F  B    <2  B    6J V  B    6ûB  B   6ƻZ0 f  B   6ɻR   B   6dͻ j@ v B   6˻b   B   6ջ z P  B   6ػr   LST   6TӻM] 3  LTT   6H޻ p LTT   6\n D LTT   64   LTT   6l   LTT   6   LTT   6|   LTT   6x  LTT   6H(  LTT   6d&  LTT   68  LTT   6$ 6   LTT    6| H LTT  ! 64 F LTT  " 6  X LTT  # 6lD Y LTT  $ 6 "  W The results $  ' 6\Ia t,$D 0 N+ 5%$ , ( 0 E ,$ 0 @Matched t-test: 95% probability TT significantly longer than STAA  !H  0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10n.p-+BJD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*'%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*'D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*'DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(+p+0+' ++0+( +   { (  r  S ( `     <) 1@ f  VPortuguese & English    <,.  ]Source Texts & Translations     fA 1n44re2z[1]"`b     <L2 d,$ 0 jExplicitation Hypothesis$( H  0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10.=t +p6D' = @B Dn' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D*' =%(D' =%(Dz' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:B 1.5*3>'Bstyle.fontSize= `B<*D*' =%(D' =%(Dz' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:B 0.5*3>'Bstyle.fontSize= `B<*DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(++0+ ++0+ ++0+  + R(    6A  `d b Future research&  _  0D Y,$ 0 e This study was based on only a small sample of Portuguese and English source texts and translations ,e!PP2Pfen  BKG [H^ @. ,$D 0 \Do different samples (and genres) of Portuguese and English ST & TT render similar results? 2\ xP2]\m  BQGH "] R ,$D 0 MCan these results be replicated using different ST-TT language combinations? @M xP2MMH  0޽h ?/  ZXmo^ V ___PPT106 .;a+^ZD* ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*e%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*e%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ +H   P (  r  S aI `     S bT<$ 0    BdGRH` mqB,$D 0 Is there anything qualitatively deviant about translations that are much longer or much shorter than the average increase or decrease in text length for a particular language pair? *( H  0޽h ? ZXmo\T___PPT104.]5+vD' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+p+0+ ++0+ +<  @P(  r  S p6 `}  6   S l6 `<$ 0 6 H  0޽h ? ZXmo$___PPT10.0+[W_D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%%(+8+0+6 +? VNp(    ,W?The End Fim Fin FiArial Black t H  0޽h ? ZXmo___PPT10i.;l 3+D=' = @B +4xW tUEBaEECD4olTDAAd' S!1 $ &Q[;Gh yߵ~/ײv=Usήzud?rnɺj繟9s=S h8N(]󊺽گ9n!*FS(B(B)(Q'()LQP6CZ 7 jrs07GA2UL;s{íqk]|`TtDQs[\|s v{~ /׉Fޗ{:WVxvꟅ>޽g#uPjU?4F,o fU}ӽ[n?oHͨj9xH6 ;xxйgawχt}|}TzGmbZvhٹGvQmt\3cwѡ]:Rsۖ1ѭzҦk1{G=FM~2o2S6jѭ5=7nGDˌEs+ 6HVB@7{Fף'T%ve'Eo)TQ)R7(oH$Ptod~p GćΐVY<.j1<߈iu8ɿ `7FnC{{{땊en3vH$/~f? 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