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<head>
<title>Фонема</title>
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<meta name="wx_pagename" content="Фонема"/>
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<wx:section level="1" title="Фонема" id="wxsec1"><h1 class="pagetitle" id="wx1">Фонема</h1>

<wx:template id="wx_t1" pagename="Шаблон:Лингвистика" page_id="98158"/>
<table cellpadding="1" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; font-size: 90%; margin: 0 15px 0 15px; clear:right;" id="wx2">
<tr id="wx3">
<td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;" id="wx4"><b id="wx5"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Лингвистика" wx:page_id="3820" id="wx6">Лингвистика</a></b> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx7">
<td id="wx8"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Теоретична лингвистика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Теоретична_лингвистика" wx:page_id="100664" id="wx9">Теоретична лингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx10">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx11"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Лингвистични методи" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Лингвистични_методи" wx:page_id="100741" id="wx12">Лингвистични методи</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx13">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx14"><a href="/wbg/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%29" title="Език (лингвистика)" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Език_(лингвистика)" wx:page_id="3819" id="wx15">Същност на езика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx16">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx17"><a href="/wbg/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Езиков знак" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Езиков_знак" wx:page_id="113126" id="wx18">Езикът като знакова система</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx19">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx20"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Система на езика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Система_на_езика" id="wx21">Езикът като система</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx22">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx23"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Фонетика" wx:page_id="47469" id="wx24">Фонетика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx25">
<td style="padding-left: 2.0em;" id="wx26"><a href="/wbg/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Говорен апарат" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Говорен_апарат" wx:page_id="100898" id="wx27">Говорен апарат</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx28">
<td style="padding-left: 2.0em;" id="wx29"><a href="/wbg/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Артикулационна фонетика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Артикулационна_фонетика" id="wx30">Артикулационна фонетика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx31">
<td style="padding-left: 3.0em;" id="wx32"><a href="/wbg/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Гласни звукове" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Гласни_звукове" wx:page_id="146599" id="wx33">Гласни звукове</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx34">
<td style="padding-left: 3.0em;" id="wx35"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="new" title="Съгласни звукове" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Съгласни_звукове" id="wx36">Съгласни звукове</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx37">
<td style="padding-left: 2.0em;" id="wx38"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Фонетична акустика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Фонетична_акустика" id="wx39">Фонетична акустика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx40">
<td style="padding-left: 3.0em;" id="wx41"><a href="/wbg/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Гласни звукове" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Гласни_звукове" wx:page_id="146599" id="wx42">Гласни звукове</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx43">
<td style="padding-left: 3.0em;" id="wx44"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="new" title="Съгласни звукове" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Съгласни_звукове" id="wx45">Съгласни звукове</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx46">
<td style="padding-left: 2.0em;" id="wx47"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Фонетично членение на речта" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Фонетично_членение_на_речта" wx:page_id="100651" id="wx48">Фонетично членение на речта</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx49">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx50"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фонология" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Фонология" wx:page_id="47470" id="wx51">Фонология</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx52">
<td style="padding-left: 2.0em;" id="wx53"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема" wx:linktype="self" wx:pagename="Фонема" wx:page_id="86541" id="wx54">Фонема</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx55">
<td style="padding-left: 3.0em;" id="wx56"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="new" title="Позиция на фонемата" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Позиция_на_фонемата" id="wx57">Позиция на фонемата</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx58">
<td style="padding-left: 3.0em;" id="wx59"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="new" title="Опозиция на фонемата" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Опозиция_на_фонемата" id="wx60">Опозиция на фонемата</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx61">
<td style="padding-left: 3.0em;" id="wx62"><a href="/wbg/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="new" title="Дистрибуция на фонемата" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Дистрибуция_на_фонемата" id="wx63">Дистрибуция на фонемата</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx64">
<td style="padding-left: 2.0em;" id="wx65"><a href="/wbg/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="new" title="Звукови промени" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Звукови_промени" id="wx66">Звукови промени</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx67">
<td style="padding-left: 3.0em;" id="wx68"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="new" title="Фонетични промени" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Фонетични_промени" id="wx69">Фонетични промени</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx70">
<td style="padding-left: 3.0em;" id="wx71"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="new" title="Нефонетични промени" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Нефонетични_промени" id="wx72">Нефонетични промени</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx73">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx74"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%29" title="Морфология (езикознание)" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Морфология_(езикознание)" wx:page_id="47479" id="wx75">Морфология</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx76">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx77"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Синтаксис" wx:page_id="16059" id="wx78">Синтаксис</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx79">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx80"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семантика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Семантика" wx:page_id="47473" id="wx81">Семантика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx82">
<td style="padding-left: 2.0em;" id="wx83"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Лексикална семантика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Лексикална_семантика" id="wx84">Лексикална семантика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx85">
<td style="padding-left: 2.0em;" id="wx86"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Стуктурална семантика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Стуктурална_семантика" id="wx87">Стуктурална семантика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx88">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx89"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стилистика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Стилистика" wx:page_id="112508" id="wx90">Стилистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx91">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx92"><a href="/wbg/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Диалектология" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Диалектология" wx:page_id="31484" id="wx93">Диалектология</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx94">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc" id="wx95"/>
</tr>

<tr id="wx96">
<td id="wx97"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Приложна лингвистика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Приложна_лингвистика" id="wx98">Приложна лингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx99">
<td id="wx100"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Психолингвистика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Психолингвистика" wx:page_id="15539" id="wx101">Психолингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx102">
<td id="wx103"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Социолингвистика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Социолингвистика" wx:page_id="15609" id="wx104">Социолингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx105">
<td id="wx106"><a href="/wbg/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Генеративна лингвистика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Генеративна_лингвистика" id="wx107">Генеративна лингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx108">
<td id="wx109"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Познавателна лингвистика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Познавателна_лингвистика" id="wx110">Познавателна лингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx111">
<td id="wx112"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Компютърна лингвистика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Компютърна_лингвистика" wx:page_id="19419" id="wx113">Компютърна лингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx114">
<td id="wx115"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Описателна лингвистика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Описателна_лингвистика" id="wx116">Описателна лингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx117">
<td id="wx118"><a href="/wbg/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Историческа лингвистика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Историческа_лингвистика" id="wx119">Историческа лингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx120">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx121"><a href="/wbg/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="new" title="Сравнителна лингвистика" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Сравнителна_лингвистика" id="wx122">Сравнителна лингвистика</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx123">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx124"><a href="/wbg/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Етимология" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Етимология" wx:page_id="47476" id="wx125">Етимология</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx126">
<td id="wx127"><a href="/wbg/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="new" title="История на лингвистиката" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="История_на_лингвистиката" id="wx128">История на лингвистиката</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx129">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx130"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" class="new" title="Лингвистични школи" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Лингвистични_школи" id="wx131">Лингвистични школи</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx132">
<td style="padding-left: 1.0em;" id="wx133"><a href="/wbg/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" class="new" title="Известни лингвисти" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Известни_лингвисти" id="wx134">Известни лингвисти</a> </td>
</tr>

<tr id="wx135">
<td id="wx136"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" class="new" title="Нерешени проблеми" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Нерешени_проблеми" id="wx137">Нерешени проблеми</a> </td>
</tr>
</table>

<wx:templateend start="wx_t1"/>
<p id="wx138"><br id="wx139"/>
<b id="wx140">Фонемата</b> (от <a href="/wbg/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Гръцки" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Гръцки" wx:page_id="48771" id="wx141">гръцки</a> φώνημα, «звук») е най-малката звуково неделима частица от състава на <a href="/wbg/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дума" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Дума" wx:page_id="4264" id="wx142">думата</a>, която може да изпълнява смислоразличителна функция в <a href="/wbg/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфема" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Морфема" wx:page_id="47482" id="wx143">морфемите</a> и в думите. При замяната на една фонема с друга се получава друга дума.</p>

<p id="wx144">Терминът "фонема се използва както в <a href="/wbg/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Акустика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Акустика" wx:page_id="3953" id="wx145">акустиката</a>, така и в <a href="/wbg/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Лингвистика" wx:page_id="3820" id="wx146">лингвистиката</a>.</p>

<p id="wx147">Фонемата е компонент на морфемата.</p>

<p id="wx148">Фонемата е предмет на изучаване на <a href="/wbg/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фонология" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Фонология" wx:page_id="47470" id="wx149">фонологията</a> и <a href="/wbg/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Морфология" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Морфология" wx:page_id="106552" id="wx150">морфологията</a>. Това понятие играе важна роля в решаването на такива практически задачи, като разработка на <a href="/wbg/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Азбука" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Азбука" wx:page_id="46988" id="wx151">азбуки</a>, правописните принципи и т.н.</p>

<p id="wx152">Понятието "фонема" е въведено в езикознанието от видния полски учен-езиковед <a href="/wbg/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="new" title="Ян Бодуен де Куртене" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Ян_Бодуен_де_Куртене" id="wx153">Ян Бодуен де Куртене</a> (J. Baudouin de Courtenay). Основоположници на структурната фонология са руските езиковеди-емигранти организатори на <a href="/wbg/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BA" class="new" title="Пражки лингвистичен кръжок" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Пражки_лингвистичен_кръжок" id="wx154">Пражкия лингвистичен кръжок</a> <a href="/wbg/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9" class="new" title="Николай Сергеевич Трубецкой" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Николай_Сергеевич_Трубецкой" id="wx155">Н. С. Трубецкой</a> и <a href="/wbg/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="new" title="Роман Осипович Якобсон" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Роман_Осипович_Якобсон" id="wx156">Р. О. Якобсон</a>.</p>

<p id="wx157"><br id="wx158"/>
</p>

<a id="_.D0.A4.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B8_.D1.84.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BF.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F" name=".D0.A4.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B8_.D1.84.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BF.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"/>
<wx:section level="2" title="Фонетична и фонематична транскрипция" id="wxsec2"><h2 id="wx159">Фонетична и фонематична транскрипция</h2>

<p id="wx160">Точният запис на изговора, при който се държи сметка както за основните фонеми, така и за техните позиционни варианти се нарича <a href="/wbg/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="new" title="Фонетична транскрипция" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Фонетична_транскрипция" id="wx161">фонетична транскрипция</a>. Тя намира приложение при записване на диалектоложки материал.</p>

<p id="wx162">Записване на изговора, при което се отбелязват само фонемите в състава на думите, но не и техните позиционни варианти, се нарича <a href="/wbg/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="new" title="Фонематична транскрипция" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Фонематична_транскрипция" id="wx163">фонематична транскрипция</a>.</p>

<a id="_.D0.A2.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F" name=".D0.A2.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Транслитерация" id="wxsec3"><h2 id="wx164">Транслитерация</h2>

<p id="wx165">В случаи, когато се налага думи, написани с буквите на една азбука, да се напишат с буквите на друга азбука се нарича <a href="/wbg/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="new" title="Транслитерация" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Транслитерация" id="wx166">транслитерация</a>. Понеже фонетичните системи на различните езици не съвпадат и буквите от азбуките нямат точно съответствие, се налага въвеждане на допълнителни букви.</p>

<table border="0" cellspacing="10" id="wx167">
<tr id="wx168">
<td id="wx169">
<ul id="wx170">
<li id="wx171">
<p id="wx172">а ─ a</p>
</li>

<li id="wx173">
<p id="wx174">б ─ b</p>
</li>

<li id="wx175">
<p id="wx176">в ─ v</p>
</li>

<li id="wx177">
<p id="wx178">г ─ g</p>
</li>

<li id="wx179">
<p id="wx180">д ─ d</p>
</li>

<li id="wx181">
<p id="wx182">е ─ e</p>
</li>

<li id="wx183">
<p id="wx184">ж ─ ž</p>
</li>

<li id="wx185">
<p id="wx186">з ─ z</p>
</li>

<li id="wx187">
<p id="wx188">и ─ i</p>
</li>

<li id="wx189">
<p id="wx190">и─ j</p>
</li>

<li id="wx191">
<p id="wx192">к ─ k</p>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td id="wx193">
<ul id="wx194">
<li id="wx195">
<p id="wx196">л ─ l</p>
</li>

<li id="wx197">
<p id="wx198">м ─ m</p>
</li>

<li id="wx199">
<p id="wx200">н ─ n</p>
</li>

<li id="wx201">
<p id="wx202">о ─ o</p>
</li>

<li id="wx203">
<p id="wx204">п ─ p</p>
</li>

<li id="wx205">
<p id="wx206">р ─ r</p>
</li>

<li id="wx207">
<p id="wx208">с ─ s</p>
</li>

<li id="wx209">
<p id="wx210">т ─ t</p>
</li>

<li id="wx211">
<p id="wx212">у ─ u</p>
</li>

<li id="wx213">
<p id="wx214">ф ─ f</p>
</li>

<li id="wx215">
<p id="wx216">х ─ h</p>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td id="wx217">
<ul id="wx218">
<li id="wx219">
<p id="wx220">ц ─ c</p>
</li>

<li id="wx221">
<p id="wx222">ч ─ č</p>
</li>

<li id="wx223">
<p id="wx224">ш ─ š</p>
</li>

<li id="wx225">
<p id="wx226">щ ─ šт</p>
</li>

<li id="wx227">
<p id="wx228">ъ ─ â</p>
</li>

<li id="wx229">
<p id="wx230">ь ─ j</p>
</li>

<li id="wx231">
<p id="wx232">ю ─ ju</p>
</li>

<li id="wx233">
<p id="wx234">я ─ ja</p>
</li>

<li id="wx235">
<p id="wx236">дз - dz</p>
</li>

<li id="wx237">
<p id="wx238">дж - dž</p>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<wx:template id="wx_t2" pagename="Шаблон:Лингвистика-мъниче" page_id="118098"/>
<div id="stub" class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks noprint" style="margin-top:1em; display: table;">
<div style="float: left; width: 32px; overflow: hidden;" id="wx239"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0:Linguistics_stub.svg" title="" wx:linktype="image" wx:pagename="Картинка:Linguistics_stub.svg" id="wx240"><img src="/wbg/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0:Linguistics_stub.svg" alt="" width="30" height="60" id="wx241"/></a></div>

<div style="margin-left: 37px;" id="wx242"><i id="wx243">Тази статия, свързана с <a href="/wbg/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Езикознание" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Езикознание" wx:page_id="3633" id="wx244">лингвистиката</a>, е все още <a href="/wbg/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" class="new" title="Уикипедия:Мъниче" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Уикипедия:Мъниче" id="wx245">мъниче</a>. Можете да помогнете на Уикипедия, като я <a href="http://wbg/wbg/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0&amp;action=edit" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx246">редактирате</a> и я разширите.</i></div>
</div>

<wx:templateend start="wx_t2"/><a href="http://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="extiw" title="dsb:Fonem" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="dsb:Fonem" id="wx247">dsb:Fonem</a>
</wx:section></wx:section></div>
<div id="wx_categorylinks">
<a href="/wbg/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:Categories&amp;article=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Специални:Categories" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Специални:Categories" id="wx248">Категории</a>: <span dir="ltr" id="wx249"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%2C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Категория:Мъничета, свързани с лингвистика" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Категория:Мъничета,_свързани_с_лингвистика" wx:page_id="118099" id="wx250">Мъничета, свързани с лингвистика</a></span> | <span dir="ltr" id="wx251"><a href="/wbg/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Фонетика и фонология" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Категория:Фонетика_и_фонология" wx:page_id="98153" id="wx252">Фонетика и фонология</a></span></div>
<div id="wx_languagelinks">
На други езици: <a href="http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="af:Foneem" id="wx253">Afrikaans</a> | <a href="http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ast:Fonema" id="wx254">Asturianu</a> | <a href="http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="br:Fonem" id="wx255">Brezhoneg</a> | <a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ca:Fonema" id="wx256">Català</a> | <a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9m" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="cs:Foném" id="wx257">Česky</a> | <a href="http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="cv:Фонема" id="wx258">Чăвашла</a> | <a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="da:Fonem" id="wx259">Dansk</a> | <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="de:Phonem" id="wx260">Deutsch</a> | <a href="http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="el:Φώνημα" id="wx261">Ελληνικά</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="en:Phoneme" id="wx262">English</a> | <a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonemo" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="eo:Fonemo" id="wx263">Esperanto</a> | <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="es:Fonema" id="wx264">Español</a> | <a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="fa:واج" id="wx265">فارسی</a> | <a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneemi" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="fi:Foneemi" id="wx266">Suomi</a> | <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phon%C3%A8me" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="fr:Phonème" id="wx267">Français</a> | <a href="http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3in%C3%A9im" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ga:Fóinéim" id="wx268">Gaeilge</a> | <a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="gl:Fonema" id="wx269">Galego</a> | <a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%94" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="he:פונמה" id="wx270">עברית</a> | <a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="hr:Fonem" id="wx271">Hrvatski</a> | <a href="http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="hsb:Fonem" id="wx272">Hornjoserbsce</a> | <a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9ma" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="hu:Fonéma" id="wx273">Magyar</a> | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="id:Fonem" id="wx274">Bahasa Indonesia</a> | <a href="http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonemo" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="io:Fonemo" id="wx275">Ido</a> | <a href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3nem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="is:Fónem" id="wx276">Íslenska</a> | <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="it:Fonema" id="wx277">Italiano</a> | <a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ja:音素" id="wx278">日本語</a> | <a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B1%EC%86%8C%EB%A6%AC" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ko:낱소리" id="wx279">한국어</a> | <a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%AEm" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ku:Fonîm" id="wx280">Kurdî / كوردي</a> | <a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C4%93ma" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="lv:Fonēma" id="wx281">Latviešu</a> | <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ms:Fonem" id="wx282">Bahasa Melayu</a> | <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="nl:Foneem" id="wx283">Nederlands</a> | <a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="nn:Fonem" id="wx284">Norsk (nynorsk)</a> | <a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="no:Fonem" id="wx285">Norsk (bokmål)</a> | <a href="http://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneme" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="nov:Foneme" id="wx286">Novial</a> | <a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A8ma" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="oc:Fonèma" id="wx287">Occitan</a> | <a href="http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%C3%A6" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="os:Фонемæ" id="wx288">Иронау</a> | <a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="pl:Fonem" id="wx289">Polski</a> | <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="pt:Fonema" id="wx290">Português</a> | <a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ro:Fonem" id="wx291">Română</a> | <a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ru:Фонема" id="wx292">Русский</a> | <a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9ma" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="sk:Fonéma" id="wx293">Slovenčina</a> | <a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="sl:Fonem" id="wx294">Slovenščina</a> | <a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="sv:Fonem" id="wx295">Svenska</a> | <a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponema" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="tl:Ponema" id="wx296">Tagalog</a> | <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="tr:Fonem" id="wx297">Türkçe</a> | <a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="uk:Фонема" id="wx298">Українська</a> | <a href="http://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyon_%28linwince%29" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="wa:Oyon_(linwince)" id="wx299">Walon</a> | <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="zh:音位" id="wx300">中文</a> | <a href="http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im-s%C3%B2%CD%98" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="zh-min-nan:Im-sò͘" id="wx301">Bân-lâm-gú</a></div>
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