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<wx:section level="1" title="Computer a DNA" id="wxsec1"><h1 class="pagetitle" id="wx1">Computer a DNA</h1>

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<p id="wx6"> Questa voce di <a href="/wit/Informatica" title="Informatica" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Informatica" wx:page_id="1681180" id="wx7">informatica</a> e di <a href="/wit/Biologia_molecolare" title="Biologia molecolare" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Biologia_molecolare" wx:page_id="25124" id="wx8">biologia molecolare</a> è solo un <a href="/wit/Aiuto:Abbozzo" title="Aiuto:Abbozzo" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Aiuto:Abbozzo" id="wx9">abbozzo</a>: <b id="wx10"><a href="http://wit/wit/index.php?title=Computer_a_DNA&amp;action=edit" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx11">contribuisci</a></b> a migliorarla secondo le <a href="/wit/Aiuto:Manuale_di_stile" title="Aiuto:Manuale di stile" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Aiuto:Manuale_di_stile" id="wx12">convenzioni di Wikipedia</a>.</p>
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<p id="wx13">Con il termine generico di <b id="wx14">computer a DNA</b> ci si riferisce ad una forma di <a href="/wit/Computer" title="Computer" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Computer" wx:page_id="1483" id="wx15">computer</a> che utilizza il <a href="/wit/DNA" title="DNA" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="DNA" wx:page_id="659892" id="wx16">DNA</a> (e quindi la <a href="/wit/Biochimica" title="Biochimica" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Biochimica" wx:page_id="725" id="wx17">biochimica</a> e la <a href="/wit/Biologia_molecolare" title="Biologia molecolare" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Biologia_molecolare" wx:page_id="25124" id="wx18">biologia molecolare</a>) al posto dei tradizionali computer a base di <a href="/wit/Silicio" title="Silicio" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Silicio" wx:page_id="4015" id="wx19">silicio</a>. Si tratta di un soggetto di ricerca e sviluppo di estremo interesse.</p>

<a id="Storia" name="Storia"/>
<wx:section level="2" title="Storia" id="wxsec2"><h2 id="wx20">Storia</h2>

<p id="wx21">Il DNA è stato utilizzato per la prima volta nel campo dell'informatica nel <a href="/wit/1994" title="1994" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="1994" wx:page_id="1036151" id="wx22">1994</a> dal celebre matematico <a href="/wit/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Leonard_Adleman" wx:page_id="1239879" id="wx23">Leonard Adleman</a>, per risolvere un semplice problema di <a href="/wit/Cammino_hamiltoniano" title="Cammino hamiltoniano" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Cammino_hamiltoniano" wx:page_id="128230" id="wx24">cammino hamiltoniano</a> (un <a href="/wit/Teoria_della_complessit%C3%A0" title="Teoria della complessità" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Teoria_della_complessità" wx:page_id="269329" id="wx25">problema NP-completo</a>).<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-0" title="" wx:fragment="_note-0" wx:linktype="note" id="wx26"/></sup> Dopo gli esperimenti iniziali di Adleman, sono stati fatti numerosi progressi e molte <a href="/wit/Macchina_di_Turing" title="Macchina di Turing" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Macchina_di_Turing" wx:page_id="2791" id="wx27">macchine di Turing</a> sono state dimostrate essere costruibili.</p>

<p id="wx28">Nel <a href="/wit/2002" title="2002" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="2002" wx:page_id="1825323" id="wx29">2002</a> alcuni ricercatori del <a href="/wit/Weizmann_Institute" class="new" title="Weizmann Institute" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Weizmann_Institute" id="wx30">Weizmann Institute</a> of Science di <a href="/wit/Rehovot" class="new" title="Rehovot" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Rehovot" id="wx31">Rehovot</a>, in <a href="/wit/Israele" title="Israele" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Israele" wx:page_id="1804063" id="wx32">Israele</a>, hanno presentato una macchina <i id="wx33">molecolare</i> programmabile, composta da <a href="/wit/Enzimi" title="Enzimi" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Enzimi" wx:page_id="1740" id="wx34">enzimi</a> e molecole di <a href="/wit/DNA" title="DNA" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="DNA" wx:page_id="659892" id="wx35">DNA</a> invece di <a href="/wit/Microchip" title="Microchip" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Microchip" wx:page_id="41240" id="wx36">microchips</a> di silicio. Tale computer, in grado di svolgere 330 mila miliardi di operazioni al secondo, si è rivelato oltre 100000 volte più rapido del PC più rapido allora disponibile.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-1" title="" wx:fragment="_note-1" wx:linktype="note" id="wx37"/></sup></p>

<p id="wx38">Nel <a href="/wit/2004" title="2004" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="2004" wx:page_id="5559" id="wx39">2004</a> <a href="/wit/Ehud_Shapiro" class="new" title="Ehud Shapiro" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Ehud_Shapiro" id="wx40">Ehud Shapiro</a>, Yaakov Benenson, Binyamin Gil, Uri Ben-Dor e Rivka Adar del Weizmann Institute hanno annunciato su <a href="/wit/Nature" title="Nature" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Nature" wx:page_id="93754" id="wx41">Nature</a> la costruzione di un computer a DNA. Si tratta di una struttura accoppiata con un modulo per l'input e l'output ed in grado di diagnosticare l'attività <a href="/wit/Cancro" title="Cancro" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Cancro" wx:page_id="47542" id="wx42">cancerosa</a> all'interno di una cellula, rilasciando il farmaco adatto in seguito alla diagnosi.</p>

<a id="Bibliografia" name="Bibliografia"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Bibliografia" id="wxsec3"><h2 id="wx43">Bibliografia</h2>

<ul id="wx44">
<li id="wx45"><wx:template id="wx_t3" pagename="Template:Cite_journal" page_id="429966"/><cite style="font-style:normal" id="wx46"><a href="/wit/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Leonard_Adleman" wx:page_id="1239879" id="wx47">Leonard M. Adleman</a> (<a href="/wit/1994-11-11" class="new" title="1994-11-11" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="1994-11-11" id="wx48">1994-11-11</a>). <a href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/molecular-science/papers/fp-sci94.pdf" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx49"><i id="wx50">Molecular Computation Of Solutions To Combinatorial Problems</i></a>. <i id="wx51"><a href="/wit/Science_%28journal%29" title="Science (journal)" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Science_(journal)" wx:page_id="1470976" id="wx52">Science (journal)</a></i> <b id="wx53">266</b> (11): 1021–1024.</cite><wx:templateend start="wx_t3"/>
<p id="wx54">— The first DNA computing paper. Describes a solution for the directed <a href="/wit/Hamiltonian_path_problem" class="new" title="Hamiltonian path problem" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Hamiltonian_path_problem" id="wx55">Hamiltonian path problem</a>.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx56"><wx:template id="wx_t4" pagename="Template:Cite_book" page_id="462038"/><cite id="CITEREF" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a href="/wit/Martyn_Amos" class="new" title="Martyn Amos" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Martyn_Amos" id="wx57">Martyn Amos</a>. <i id="wx58"><a href="http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,3-0-22-1995351-0,00.html" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx59">Theoretical and Experimental DNA Computation</a></i> . Springer, June 2005.   <a href="/wit/index.php?title=Speciale:Booksources&amp;isbn=3540657738" class="internal" id="wx60">ISBN 3-540-65773-8</a></cite><wx:templateend start="wx_t4"/>
<p id="wx61">— The first general text to cover the whole field.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx62"><wx:template id="wx_t5" pagename="Template:Cite_journal" page_id="429966"/><cite style="font-style:normal" id="wx63"><a href="/wit/Dan_Boneh" class="new" title="Dan Boneh" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dan_Boneh" id="wx64">Dan Boneh</a>, Christopher Dunworth, <a href="/wit/Richard_J._Lipton" class="new" title="Richard J. Lipton" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Richard_J._Lipton" id="wx65">Richard J. Lipton</a>, and Jiri Sgall (1996). <a href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/boneh95computational.html" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx66"><i id="wx67">On the Computational Power of DNA</i></a>. <i id="wx68">DAMATH: Discrete Applied Mathematics and Combinatorial Operations Research and Computer Science</i> <b id="wx69">71</b>.</cite><wx:templateend start="wx_t5"/>
<p id="wx70">— Describes a solution for the <a href="/wit/Boolean_satisfiability_problem" title="Boolean satisfiability problem" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Boolean_satisfiability_problem" wx:page_id="1540860" id="wx71">boolean satisfiability problem</a>.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx72"><wx:template id="wx_t6" pagename="Template:Cite_book" page_id="462038"/><cite id="CITEREF_1" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gheorge Paun, Grzegorz Rozenberg, <a href="/wit/Arto_Salomaa" class="new" title="Arto Salomaa" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Arto_Salomaa" id="wx73">Arto Salomaa</a>. <i id="wx74">DNA Computing - New Computing Paradigms</i>. Springer-Verlag, October 1998.   <a href="/wit/index.php?title=Speciale:Booksources&amp;isbn=3540641963" class="internal" id="wx75">ISBN 3-540-64196-3</a></cite><wx:templateend start="wx_t6"/>
<p id="wx76">— The book starts with an introduction to DNA-related matters, the basics of biochemistry and language and computation theory, and progresses to the advanced mathematical theory of DNA computing.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx77"><wx:template id="wx_t7" pagename="Template:Cite_journal" page_id="429966"/><cite style="font-style:normal" id="wx78">Lila Kari, Greg Gloor, Sheng Yu (January 2000). <a href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/kari00using.html" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx79"><i id="wx80">Using DNA to solve the Bounded Post Correspondence Problem</i></a>. <i id="wx81">Theoretical Computer Science</i> <b id="wx82">231</b> (2): 192–203.</cite><wx:templateend start="wx_t7"/>
<p id="wx83">— Describes a solution for the bounded <a href="/wit/Post_correspondence_problem" class="new" title="Post correspondence problem" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Post_correspondence_problem" id="wx84">Post correspondence problem</a>, a hard-on-average NP-complete problem.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx85"><wx:template id="wx_t8" pagename="Template:Cite_book" page_id="462038"/><cite id="CITEREF_2" class="book" style="font-style:normal">JB. Waldner. <i id="wx86">Nanocomputers and Swarm Intelligence</i>. ISTE, January 2007.  189 <a href="/wit/index.php?title=Speciale:Booksources&amp;isbn=2746215160" class="internal" id="wx87">ISBN 2746215160</a></cite><wx:templateend start="wx_t8"/></li>
</ul>

<ol class="references" id="wx88">
<li id="_note-0"><a href="#_ref-0" title="" wx:fragment="_ref-0" wx:linktype="noteref" id="wx89"><b id="wx90">^</b></a> <wx:template id="wx_t1" pagename="Template:Cite_journal" page_id="429966"/><cite style="font-style:normal" id="wx91">Adleman L (1994).  <i id="wx92">Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems</i>. <i id="wx93">Science</i> <b id="wx94">266</b> (5187): 1021–4.</cite><wx:templateend start="wx_t1"/></li>

<li id="_note-1"><a href="#_ref-1" title="" wx:fragment="_ref-1" wx:linktype="noteref" id="wx95"><b id="wx96">^</b></a> <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0224_030224_DNAcomputer.html" class="external free" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx97">http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0224_030224_DNAcomputer.html</a></li>
</ol>

<a id="Collegamenti_esterni" name="Collegamenti_esterni"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Collegamenti esterni" id="wxsec4"><h2 id="wx98">Collegamenti esterni</h2>

<ul id="wx99">
<li id="wx100"><a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/dna-computer.htm" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx101">How Stuff Works explanation</a></li>

<li id="wx102"><a href="http://physicsweb.org/article/news/6/3/11" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx103">Physics Web</a></li>

<li id="wx104"><a href="http://www.arstechnica.com/reviews/2q00/dna/dna-1.html" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx105">Ars Technica</a></li>

<li id="wx106"><a href="http://www.dcs.ex.ac.uk/~pf201/dna.html" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx107">A Bibliography of Molecular Computation and Splicing Systems</a></li>

<li id="wx108"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/29/science/29DNA.html" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx109">NY Times DNA Computer for detecting Cancer</a></li>

<li id="wx110"><a href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0005BC6A-97DF-1446-951483414B7F0101" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx111">Bringing DNA computers to life, in Scientific American</a></li>

<li id="wx112"><a href="http://www.tfot.info/index.php?option=com_rsgallery2&amp;page=inline&amp;id=197&amp;catid=1&amp;limitstart=177" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx113">Japanese Researchers store information in bacteria DNA</a></li>
</ul>
</wx:section></wx:section></div>
<div id="wx_categorylinks">
<a href="/wit/index.php?title=Speciale:Categories&amp;article=Computer_a_DNA" title="Speciale:Categories" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Speciale:Categories" id="wx114">Categorie</a>: <span dir="ltr" id="wx115"><a href="/wit/Categoria:Stub_informatica" title="Categoria:Stub informatica" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Categoria:Stub_informatica" wx:page_id="239278" id="wx116">Stub informatica</a></span> | <span dir="ltr" id="wx117"><a href="/wit/Categoria:Stub_biologia_molecolare" title="Categoria:Stub biologia molecolare" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Categoria:Stub_biologia_molecolare" wx:page_id="400373" id="wx118">Stub biologia molecolare</a></span> | <span dir="ltr" id="wx119"><a href="/wit/Categoria:Computer" title="Categoria:Computer" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Categoria:Computer" wx:page_id="27558" id="wx120">Computer</a></span> | <span dir="ltr" id="wx121"><a href="/wit/Categoria:Biologia_molecolare" title="Categoria:Biologia molecolare" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Categoria:Biologia_molecolare" wx:page_id="125241" id="wx122">Biologia molecolare</a></span></div>
<div id="wx_languagelinks">
Altre lingue: <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ar:حوسبة_الدنا" id="wx123">العربية</a> | <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-Computer" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="de:DNA-Computer" id="wx124">Deutsch</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_computing" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="en:DNA_computing" id="wx125">English</a> | <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3n_Basada_en_ADN" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="es:Computación_Basada_en_ADN" id="wx126">Español</a> | <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinateur_%C3%A0_ADN" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="fr:Ordinateur_à_ADN" id="wx127">Français</a> | <a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_DNA" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="he:מחשוב_DNA" id="wx128">עברית</a> | <a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ja:DNAコンピュータ" id="wx129">日本語</a> | <a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ko:DNA_컴퓨팅" id="wx130">한국어</a> | <a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_DNA" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="pl:Komputer_DNA" id="wx131">Polski</a> | <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computador_de_ADN" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="pt:Computador_de_ADN" id="wx132">Português</a> | <a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ru:ДНК-компьютер" id="wx133">Русский</a> | <a href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="sr:ДНК_рачунар" id="wx134">Српски / Srpski</a> | <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_bilgisayarlar%C4%B1" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="tr:DNA_bilgisayarları" id="wx135">Türkçe</a> | <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="zh:DNA運算" id="wx136">中文</a></div>
</body>
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<p id="wx137">Adleman L</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="title">
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<a href="/wit/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Leonard_Adleman" wx:page_id="1239879" id="wx147">Leonard M. Adleman</a>
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<p id="wx156">2005</p>
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<p id="wx163">, Christopher Dunworth, <a href="/wit/Richard_J._Lipton" class="new" title="Richard J. Lipton" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Richard_J._Lipton" id="wx164">Richard J. Lipton</a>, and Jiri Sgall</p>
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<p id="wx165">1996</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="title">
<p id="wx166">On the Computational Power of DNA</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="journal">
<p id="wx167">DAMATH: Discrete Applied Mathematics and Combinatorial Operations Research and Computer Science</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="volume">
<p id="wx168">71</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="url">
<a href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/boneh95computational.html" class="external free" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx169">http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/boneh95computational.html</a>
</wx:argument></wx:templatearguments>
<wx:templatearguments for="wx_t6"><wx:argument name="author">
<p id="wx170">Gheorge Paun, Grzegorz Rozenberg, <a href="/wit/Arto_Salomaa" class="new" title="Arto Salomaa" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Arto_Salomaa" id="wx171">Arto Salomaa</a></p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="year">
<p id="wx172">1998</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="month">
<p id="wx173">October</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="title">
<p id="wx174">DNA Computing - New Computing Paradigms</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="publisher">
<p id="wx175">Springer-Verlag</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="id">
<p id="wx176">ISBN 3-540-64196-3</p>
</wx:argument></wx:templatearguments>
<wx:templatearguments for="wx_t7"><wx:argument name="author">
<p id="wx177">Lila Kari, Greg Gloor, Sheng Yu</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="year">
<p id="wx178">2000</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="month">
<p id="wx179">January</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="title">
<p id="wx180">Using DNA to solve the Bounded Post Correspondence Problem</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="journal">
<p id="wx181">Theoretical Computer Science</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="volume">
<p id="wx182">231</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="issue">
<p id="wx183">2</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="pages">
<p id="wx184">192–203</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="url">
<a href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/kari00using.html" class="external free" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx185">http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/kari00using.html</a>
</wx:argument></wx:templatearguments>
<wx:templatearguments for="wx_t8"><wx:argument name="author">
<p id="wx186">JB. Waldner</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="year">
<p id="wx187">2007</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="month">
<p id="wx188">January</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="title">
<p id="wx189">Nanocomputers and Swarm Intelligence</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="publisher">
<p id="wx190">ISTE</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="pages">
<p id="wx191">189</p>
</wx:argument><wx:argument name="id">
<p id="wx192">ISBN 2746215160</p>
</wx:argument></wx:templatearguments>
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