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<title>Cariche accademiche</title>
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<wx:section level="1" title="Cariche accademiche" id="wxsec1"><h1 class="pagetitle" id="wx1">Cariche accademiche</h1>

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<td class="avviso-testo" id="wx8"><b id="wx9">Questa voce riguardante un argomento di <a href="/wit/Universit%C3%A0" title="Università" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Università" wx:page_id="1578421" id="wx10">università</a> non è ancora stata <a href="/wit/Aiuto:Come_tradurre_una_voce" title="Aiuto:Come tradurre una voce" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Aiuto:Come_tradurre_una_voce" id="wx11">tradotta</a> completamente dalla <a href="/wit/Lingua_inglese" title="Lingua inglese" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Lingua_inglese" wx:page_id="2523" id="wx12">lingua inglese</a>.</b> 

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<p id="wx15">Se sei in grado, potresti <a href="http://wit/wit/index.php?title=Cariche_accademiche&amp;action=edit" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx16">contribuire</a> a terminarla.<br id="wx17"/>
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Le organizzazioni accademiche tipicamente hanno un rigido insieme di cariche. Quelle riprtate si seguito si riferiscono in maniera specifica alle <a href="/wit/Universit%C3%A0" title="Università" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Università" wx:page_id="1578421" id="wx26">università</a> , sebbene <a href="/wit/College" title="College" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="College" wx:page_id="408997" id="wx27">college</a> ed altre istituzione possano seguire schemi simili.</p>

<div id="wx_toc"/>

<a id="Argentina_.28universit.C3.A0_statali.29" name="Argentina_.28universit.C3.A0_statali.29"/>
<wx:section level="2" title="Argentina (università statali)" id="wxsec2"><h2 id="wx28">Argentina (università statali)</h2>

<a id="Cariche_accademiche" name="Cariche_accademiche"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Cariche accademiche" id="wxsec32"><h3 id="wx29">Cariche accademiche</h3>

<p id="wx30">Le cariche accademiche <a href="/wit/Argentina" title="Argentina" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Argentina" wx:page_id="703198" id="wx31">argentine</a> includono professori e insegnanti ausiliari (assistenti). Ci sono quattro tipi di professore:</p>

<ol id="wx32">
<li id="wx33">
<p id="wx34">Profesor Titular Plenario (l'unico titolare di una posizione in facoltà);</p>
</li>

<li id="wx35">
<p id="wx36">Profesor Titular</p>
</li>

<li id="wx37">
<p id="wx38">Profesor Asociado</p>
</li>

<li id="wx39">
<p id="wx40">Profesor Adjunto.</p>
</li>
</ol>

<p id="wx41">L'università inoltre può nominare dei membri prominenti della comunità accademica e scientifica come:</p>

<ol id="wx42">
<li id="wx43">
<p id="wx44">Profesor Emérito (membro a riposo della facoltà che però si è dimostrato eccellente sia nell'insegnamento che nella ricerca)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx45">
<p id="wx46">Profesor Consulto (membro a riposo della facoltà che fornisce importante apporto a specifici campi della conoscenza)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx47">
<p id="wx48">Profesor Honorario (posizione cerimoniale essezialmente onoraria).</p>
</li>
</ol>

<p id="wx49">Qualifiche temporanee di "Professore" includono le cariche di:</p>

<ol id="wx50">
<li id="wx51">
<p id="wx52">Profesor Invitado (carica non retribuita)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx53">
<p id="wx54">Profesor Contratado (carica retribuita).</p>
</li>
</ol>

<p id="wx55">Gli insegnanti ausiliari o assistenti sono divisi in tre categorie:</p>

<ol id="wx56">
<li id="wx57">
<p id="wx58">Jefe de Trabajos Prácticos,</p>
</li>

<li id="wx59">
<p id="wx60">Ayudante de Primera or Ayudante Diplomado</p>
</li>

<li id="wx61">
<p id="wx62">Ayudante de Segunda or Ayudante Alumno (generalmente, se non quasi sempre, questa carica è riservata a studenti non laureati).</p>
</li>
</ol>

<a id="Cariche_amministrative" name="Cariche_amministrative"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Cariche amministrative" id="wxsec33"><h3 id="wx63">Cariche amministrative</h3>

<p id="wx64">L'amministrazione dell'università è in mano a un <i id="wx65">Rector</i> (o <a href="/wit/Rettore" title="Rettore" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Rettore" wx:page_id="516496" id="wx66">rettore</a>) ed a un <i id="wx67">Consejo Superior</i>, entrambi eletti dall'Asamblea Universitaria, composta da professori, da laureati (inclusi alumni, insegnanti ausiliari e tutto il resto del personale accademico che non ha qualifica come professore o studente non laureato) e studenti non laureati eletti con scrutinio segreto. Il <i id="wx68">Consejo Superior</i> designa vari <i id="wx69">Secretarios</i> per assistere il rettore, e sceglie uno dei suoi membri come <i id="wx70">Vicerrector</i> (vice rettore). Ogni facoltà, scuola o college è presieduta da un <i id="wx71">Decano</i>, designato dal <i id="wx72">Consejo Directivo</i> o <i id="wx73">Consejo Académico</i>, composto da professori e studenti laureati e non laureati, che designa anche vari Secretarios per assistere sia il <i id="wx74">Decano</i> sia il <i id="wx75">Vicedecano</i> negli affari giornalieri. I Dipartimenti sono presieduti da un Direttore, assistito da <i id="wx76">Secretarios</i> e da un <i id="wx77">Director Adjunto</i> (vice direttore). Essi designano la <i id="wx78">Junta Departamental</i>, l'organo collegiale che governa il dipartimento. In alcune università il personale non accademico può avere un rappresentante negli organi di governo. Inoltre, alcune università distinguono alumni da insegnanti ausiliari, permettendo loro di eleggere due distinti rappresentanti per il governo dell'università.</p>

<a id="Australia_and_New_Zealand" name="Australia_and_New_Zealand"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Australia and New Zealand" id="wxsec3"><h2 id="wx79">Australia and New Zealand</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks" name="Academic_ranks"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec34"><h3 id="wx80">Academic ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx81">
<li id="wx82">
<p id="wx83">Professor - Level 5 appointments.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx84">
<p id="wx85">Associate Professor and/or Reader - Level 4 appointments.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx86">
<p id="wx87">Senior Lecturer - Level 3 appointments.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx88">
<p id="wx89">Lecturer - Level 2 appointments.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx90">
<p id="wx91">Associate or Assistant Lecturer, Senior Tutor, Tutor - Level 1 appointments.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Administrative_ranks" name="Administrative_ranks"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec35"><h3 id="wx92">Administrative ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx93">
<li id="wx94">
<p id="wx95">Visitor (titular)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx96">
<p id="wx97">Chancellor (titular)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx98">
<p id="wx99">Deputy Chancellor / Pro-Chancellor (titular)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx100">
<p id="wx101">Vice-Chancellor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx102">
<p id="wx103">Deputy Vice-Chancellor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx104">
<p id="wx105">Pro-Vice-Chancellor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx106">
<p id="wx107">Registrar</p>
</li>

<li id="wx108">
<p id="wx109">Dean</p>
</li>

<li id="wx110">
<p id="wx111">Head of School</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx112"><br id="wx113"/>
</p>

<a id="Belgium" name="Belgium"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Belgium" id="wxsec4"><h2 id="wx114">Belgium</h2>

<p id="wx115">The ranks may differ between the <a href="/wit/Flemish_Community" class="new" title="Flemish Community" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Flemish_Community" id="wx116">Flemish Community</a> and the <a href="/wit/French_Community_of_Belgium" class="new" title="French Community of Belgium" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="French_Community_of_Belgium" id="wx117">French Community</a>, as education is a community matter in Belgium.</p>

<a id="Academic_ranks_.28Flemish_Community.29" name="Academic_ranks_.28Flemish_Community.29"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks (Flemish Community)" id="wxsec36"><h3 id="wx118">Academic ranks (Flemish Community)</h3>

<ul id="wx119">
<li id="wx120"><i id="wx121">Gewoon hoogleraar</i>
<p id="wx122">(Ordinary Professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx123"><i id="wx124">Hoogleraar</i>
<p id="wx125">(Professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx126"><i id="wx127">Hoofddocent</i>
<p id="wx128">(Senior Lecturer)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx129"><i id="wx130">Docent</i>
<p id="wx131">(Lecturer)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx132"><i id="wx133">Doctor-assistent</i>
<p id="wx134">(postdoc research assistant)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx135"><i id="wx136">Assistent</i>
<p id="wx137">(research assistant)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_.28Flemish_Community.29" name="Administrative_ranks_.28Flemish_Community.29"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks (Flemish Community)" id="wxsec37"><h3 id="wx138">Administrative ranks (Flemish Community)</h3>

<ul id="wx139">
<li id="wx140"><i id="wx141">Rector</i></li>

<li id="wx142"><i id="wx143">Vice-Rector</i></li>

<li id="wx144"><i id="wx145">Decaan</i>
<p id="wx146">(dean, i.e. head of a faculty)<br id="wx147"/>
</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" name="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina" id="wxsec5"><h2 id="wx148">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h2>

<p id="wx149"><b id="wx150">Academic ranks</b><br id="wx151"/>
</p>

<ul id="wx152">
<li id="wx153">
<p id="wx154">Asistent (grade VII/1 or VII/2, BSc/MSc)<br id="wx155"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx156">
<p id="wx157">Docent (grade VIII,PhD-Reader)<br id="wx158"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx159">
<p id="wx160">Vanredni profesor (Associate Professor)<br id="wx161"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx162">
<p id="wx163">Profesor (Full professor)<br id="wx164"/>
</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx165"><br id="wx166"/>
<b id="wx167">Administrative ranks</b><br id="wx168"/>
</p>

<ul id="wx169">
<li id="wx170">
<p id="wx171">Rektor/Rector<br id="wx172"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx173">
<p id="wx174">Dekan fakulteta/Dean of the faculty<br id="wx175"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx176">
<p id="wx177">Sef katedre/Head of department<br id="wx178"/>
</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx179"><br id="wx180"/>
<b id="wx181">Academic Degrees</b><br id="wx182"/>
</p>

<ul id="wx183">
<li id="wx184">
<p id="wx185">Bachelor's degree (VII/1 stepen stručne spreme-fakultet – osnovne studije-VSS (visoka stručna sprema))<br id="wx186"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx187">
<p id="wx188">Master's degree (VII/2 stepen stručne spreme-magistratura-MR (magistar))<br id="wx189"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx190">
<p id="wx191">Doctorate (VIII stepen stručne spreme-doktorat-DR (doktor nauka))<br id="wx192"/>
</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Brazil" name="Brazil"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Brazil" id="wxsec6"><h2 id="wx193">Brazil</h2>

<p id="wx194">At the <a href="/wit/University_of_Sao_Paulo" class="new" title="University of Sao Paulo" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="University_of_Sao_Paulo" id="wx195">University of Sao Paulo</a> the academic rank system is:</p>

<ul id="wx196">
<li id="wx197">
<p id="wx198">Professor Titular (MS-6): equivalent to a "full professor" in the US</p>
</li>

<li id="wx199">
<p id="wx200">Professor Associado (MS-5): must hold a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre-Doc%C3%AAncia" class="extiw" title="pt:Livre-Docência" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="pt:Livre-Docência" id="wx201">Livre Docente</a> title (equivalent to a German <a href="/wit/Habilitation" class="new" title="Habilitation" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Habilitation" id="wx202">Habilitation</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx203">
<p id="wx204">Professor Doutor (MS-3): must hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx205">doctorate</a>; equivalent to an "assistant professor" in the US</p>
</li>

<li id="wx206">
<p id="wx207">Professor Assistente (MS-2): must hold a master's or equivalent degree</p>
</li>

<li id="wx208">
<p id="wx209">Auxiliar de Ensino (MS-1): only a bachelor's degree is required</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx210">In the Federal Universities the academic ranks receive other names:<a href="http://www.drh.uem.br/res/lei11713.htm" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx211">(In portuguese)</a></p>

<ul id="wx212">
<li id="wx213">
<p id="wx214">Professor Titular</p>
</li>

<li id="wx215">
<p id="wx216">Professor Associado, levels A, B and C (or I, II, III)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx217">
<p id="wx218">Professor Adjunto, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx219">
<p id="wx220">Professor Assistente, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx221">
<p id="wx222">Professor Auxiliar, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx223">More information: <a href="http://www.universia.com.br/materia/materia.jsp?materia=11587" class="external text" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx224">(In portuguese)</a></p>

<a id="Canada" name="Canada"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Canada" id="wxsec7"><h2 id="wx225">Canada</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_2" name="Academic_ranks_2"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec38"><h3 id="wx226">Academic ranks</h3>

<dl id="wx227">
<dd id="wx228">
<p id="wx229">Primarily Research <a href="/wit/Faculty_%28university%29" class="new" title="Faculty (university)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Faculty_(university)" id="wx230">Faculty</a></p>

<dl id="wx231">
<dd id="wx232">
<ul id="wx233">
<li id="wx234"><a href="/wit/Distinguished_Professor" class="new" title="Distinguished Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Distinguished_Professor" id="wx235">Distinguished Professor</a>
<p id="wx236">or University Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx237">
<p id="wx238">Professor (or "Full Professor")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx239">
<p id="wx240">Associate Professor (typically, first level of <a href="/wit/Tenure" class="new" title="Tenure" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Tenure" id="wx241">tenure</a>.)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx242">
<p id="wx243">Assistant Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx244">
<p id="wx245">Lecturer</p>
</li>

<li id="wx246">
<p id="wx247">Adjunct faculty member</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>

<dl id="wx248">
<dd id="wx249">
<p id="wx250">Primarily Teaching <a href="/wit/Faculty_%28university%29" class="new" title="Faculty (university)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Faculty_(university)" id="wx251">Faculty</a></p>

<dl id="wx252">
<dd id="wx253">
<ul id="wx254">
<li id="wx255">
<p id="wx256">Senior Instructor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx257">
<p id="wx258">Instructor (may or may not be <a href="/wit/Tenure" class="new" title="Tenure" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Tenure" id="wx259">tenured</a>.)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx260">
<p id="wx261">Sessional Lecturer</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>

<dl id="wx262">
<dd id="wx263">
<p id="wx264">Non-faculty</p>

<dl id="wx265">
<dd id="wx266">
<ul id="wx267">
<li id="wx268"><a href="/wit/Postdoctoral" class="new" title="Postdoctoral" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Postdoctoral" id="wx269">Postdoctoral fellow</a></li>

<li id="wx270">
<p id="wx271">Research and/or teaching staff not holding a Ph.D. (e.g., research technicians, lab managers, etc.)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx272"><a href="/wit/Graduate_student" class="new" title="Graduate student" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Graduate_student" id="wx273">Graduate student</a>
<p id="wx274">or <a href="/wit/Profession" class="new" title="Profession" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Profession" id="wx275">professional</a> student (<a href="/wit/Law" title="Law" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Law" wx:page_id="1094554" id="wx276">law</a>, <a href="/wit/Medicine" class="new" title="Medicine" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Medicine" id="wx277">medicine</a>, <a href="/wit/Music" title="Music" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Music" wx:page_id="518824" id="wx278">music</a>, <a href="/wit/Nursing" title="Nursing" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Nursing" wx:page_id="3020" id="wx279">nursing</a>, <a href="/wit/Accounting" title="Accounting" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Accounting" wx:page_id="739554" id="wx280">accounting</a>, etc.). Graduate students often serve as <a href="/wit/Teaching_assistant" class="new" title="Teaching assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Teaching_assistant" id="wx281">teaching assistants</a> (TAs) and/or <a href="/wit/Research_assistant" class="new" title="Research assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Research_assistant" id="wx282">research assistants</a> (RAs). Some departments, by convention, have titles as Ph.D. Candidate (having passed the comprehensive exams), Ph.D. Student, Research Master's Student, Professional Master's Student, etc.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx283"><a href="/wit/Undergraduate" class="new" title="Undergraduate" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Undergraduate" id="wx284">Undergraduate student</a>
<p id="wx285">. Undergraduate <a href="/wit/Student" title="Student" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Student" wx:page_id="25770" id="wx286">students</a> are ranked simply as 1st Year ("Frosh"), 2nd Year, 3rd Year, and 4th Year students.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_2" name="Administrative_ranks_2"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec39"><h3 id="wx287">Administrative ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx288">
<li id="wx289"><a href="/wit/Chancellor_%28education%29" class="new" title="Chancellor (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Chancellor_(education)" id="wx290">Chancellor</a>
<p id="wx291">(honorific)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx292">
<p id="wx293">President and <a href="/wit/Vice-Chancellor" class="new" title="Vice-Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-Chancellor" id="wx294">Vice-Chancellor</a> (dual title)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx295"><a href="/wit/Provost_%28education%29" class="new" title="Provost (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Provost_(education)" id="wx296">Provost</a></li>

<li id="wx297">
<p id="wx298">Vice Presidents (VP Academic, VP Research, VP Finance, etc.)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx299">
<p id="wx300">Associate Vice Presidents (Assoc. VP Academic, Assoc. VP Research, Assoc. VP Finance, etc.)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx301"><a href="/wit/Dean_%28education%29" class="new" title="Dean (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dean_(education)" id="wx302">Deans</a>
<p id="wx303">(often also Full Professors)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx304">
<p id="wx305">Associate Deans (often also Full Professors)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx306">
<p id="wx307">Directors of Administrative Departments</p>
</li>

<li id="wx308">
<p id="wx309">Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments</p>
</li>

<li id="wx310">
<p id="wx311">Chairs of Academic Departments (usually Full Professors)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="China.2C_People.27s_Republic_of" name="China.2C_People.27s_Republic_of"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="China, People's Republic of" id="wxsec8"><h2 id="wx312">China, People's Republic of</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_3" name="Academic_ranks_3"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec40"><h3 id="wx313">Academic ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx314">
<li id="wx315"><a href="/wit/Principal_Professor" class="new" title="Principal Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Principal_Professor" id="wx316">Principal Professor</a>
<p id="wx317">(in Chinese: 首席教授, on exists in some Chinese universities)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx318"><a href="/wit/Professor" class="new" title="Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professor" id="wx319">Professor</a>
<p id="wx320">(in Chinese: 教授) and <a href="/wit/Emeritus_Professor" class="new" title="Emeritus Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Emeritus_Professor" id="wx321">Emeritus Professor</a> (in Chinese: 退休教授)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx322"><a href="/wit/Honorary_Professor" class="new" title="Honorary Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Honorary_Professor" id="wx323">Honorary Professor</a>
<p id="wx324">(in Chinese: 名譽教授)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx325"><a href="/wit/Associate_Professor" class="new" title="Associate Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Associate_Professor" id="wx326">Associate Professor</a>
<p id="wx327">(in Chinese: 副教授) and <a href="/wit/Reader" class="new" title="Reader" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Reader" id="wx328">Reader</a> (in Chinese: 副教授)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx329"><a href="/wit/Lecturer" class="new" title="Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Lecturer" id="wx330">Lecturer</a>
<p id="wx331">(in Chinese: 講師)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx332"><a href="/wit/Post-doctoral_Research_Fellow" class="new" title="Post-doctoral Research Fellow" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Post-doctoral_Research_Fellow" id="wx333">Post-doctoral Research Fellow</a>
<p id="wx334">(in Chinese: 博士後研究員), <a href="/wit/Research_Fellow" class="new" title="Research Fellow" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Research_Fellow" id="wx335">Research Fellow</a> (in Chinese: 研究員) and <a href="/wit/Researcher" class="new" title="Researcher" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Researcher" id="wx336">Researcher</a> (in Chinese: 研究員)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx337"><a href="/wit/Research_Assistant" class="new" title="Research Assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Research_Assistant" id="wx338">Research Assistant</a>
<p id="wx339">(in Chinese: 研究助理) and <a href="/wit/Teaching_Assistant" class="new" title="Teaching Assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Teaching_Assistant" id="wx340">Teaching Assistant</a> (in Chinese: 助教)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx341"><a href="/wit/Post-graduate_student" class="new" title="Post-graduate student" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Post-graduate_student" id="wx342">Postgraduate</a>
<p id="wx343">(in Chinese: 研究生)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx344"><a href="/wit/Undergraduate" class="new" title="Undergraduate" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Undergraduate" id="wx345">Undergraduate</a>
<p id="wx346">(in Chinese: 本科生)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_3" name="Administrative_ranks_3"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec41"><h3 id="wx347">Administrative ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx348">
<li id="wx349"><a href="/wit/President" class="new" title="President" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="President" id="wx350">President</a>
<p id="wx351">(in Chinese: 校長)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx352"><a href="/wit/Vice-President" class="new" title="Vice-President" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-President" id="wx353">Vice-President</a>
<p id="wx354">(in Chinese: 副校長)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx355"><a href="/wit/Registrar" class="new" title="Registrar" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Registrar" id="wx356">Registrar</a>
<p id="wx357">(in Chinese: 教務長) and Secretary of the party committee (in Chinese: 黨委書記)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx358"><a href="/wit/Dean_%28education%29" class="new" title="Dean (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dean_(education)" id="wx359">Dean</a>
<p id="wx360">(in Chinese: 院長)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx361"><a href="/wit/Deputy_Dean" class="new" title="Deputy Dean" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Deputy_Dean" id="wx362">Deputy Dean</a>
<p id="wx363">or <a href="/wit/Associate_Dean" class="new" title="Associate Dean" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Associate_Dean" id="wx364">Associate Dean</a> (in Chinese: 副院長) of schools and faculties</p>
</li>

<li id="wx365">
<p id="wx366">Associate Secretary of the party committee (in Chinese: 黨委副書記)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx367"><a href="/wit/Director" class="new" title="Director" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Director" id="wx368">Director</a>
<p id="wx369">(in Chinese: 所長/主任) of academic centre and <a href="/wit/Director" class="new" title="Director" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Director" id="wx370">Director</a> (in Chinese: 系主任) of academic departments</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Cyprus" name="Cyprus"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Cyprus" id="wxsec9"><h2 id="wx371">Cyprus</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_4" name="Academic_ranks_4"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec42"><h3 id="wx372">Academic ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx373">
<li id="wx374">
<p id="wx375">Chair Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx376"><a href="/wit/Professor" class="new" title="Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professor" id="wx377">Professor</a></li>

<li id="wx378"><a href="/wit/Associate_Professor" class="new" title="Associate Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Associate_Professor" id="wx379">Associate Professor</a></li>

<li id="wx380"><a href="/wit/Assistant_Professor" class="new" title="Assistant Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Assistant_Professor" id="wx381">Assistant Professor</a></li>

<li id="wx382"><a href="/wit/Lecturer" class="new" title="Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Lecturer" id="wx383">Lecturer</a></li>

<li id="wx384"><a href="/wit/Research_assistant" class="new" title="Research assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Research_assistant" id="wx385">Research assistant</a>
<p id="wx386">and <a href="/wit/Teaching_assistant" class="new" title="Teaching assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Teaching_assistant" id="wx387">teaching assistant</a> (or tutor, instructor, demonstrator)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx388"><a href="/wit/Graduate_student" class="new" title="Graduate student" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Graduate_student" id="wx389">Postgraduate</a>
<p id="wx390">or <a href="/wit/Graduate_student" class="new" title="Graduate student" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Graduate_student" id="wx391">graduate</a></p>
</li>

<li id="wx392"><a href="/wit/Undergraduate" class="new" title="Undergraduate" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Undergraduate" id="wx393">Undergraduate</a></li>
</ul>

<a id="Denmark" name="Denmark"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Denmark" id="wxsec10"><h2 id="wx394">Denmark</h2>

<p id="wx395">Administrative positions:</p>

<ul id="wx396">
<li id="wx397"><i id="wx398">Rektor</i>
<p id="wx399">(Rector)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx400"><i id="wx401">Dekan</i>
<p id="wx402">(Dean), head of a major department (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx403"><i id="wx404">Institutleder</i>
<p id="wx405">(Institute manager), head of an institute</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx406">Academic positions:</p>

<ul id="wx407">
<li id="wx408"><a href="/wit/Professor" class="new" title="Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professor" id="wx409">Professor</a></li>

<li id="wx410"><i id="wx411">Lektor</i>
<p id="wx412">(Associate professor), time divided equally between research and teaching</p>
</li>

<li id="wx413"><i id="wx414">Adjunkt</i>
<p id="wx415">(Lecturer), same research/teaching division as lektor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx416"><a href="/wit/Post-doc" class="new" title="Post-doc" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Post-doc" id="wx417">Post-doc</a>
<p id="wx418">, generally more time for research</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx419">Academic degrees:</p>

<ul id="wx420">
<li id="wx421"><i id="wx422">Doktor</i>
<p id="wx423">(Doctorate); e.g. dr.phil, dr.scient, dr.med(MD)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx424"><a href="/wit/Ph.D" title="Ph.D" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Ph.D" wx:page_id="482244" id="wx425">Ph.D</a>
<p id="wx426">, usually earned after three years of research</p>
</li>

<li id="wx427"><i id="wx428">Kandidat</i>
<p id="wx429">(MA; e.g. cand.mag, cand.scient), usually earned after two more years of graduate school</p>
</li>

<li id="wx430"><i id="wx431">Bachelor</i>
<p id="wx432">(BA), usually earned after three years of undergraduate studies</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Finland" name="Finland"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Finland" id="wxsec11"><h2 id="wx433">Finland</h2>

<p id="wx434">There are a specific number of posts, which can be applied to when they are vacated or established. A Professor, for example, is a leader of a laboratory or a group.</p>

<ul id="wx435">
<li id="wx436"><i id="wx437">Kansleri</i>
<p id="wx438">Chancellor (only in the Universities of <a href="/wit/University_of_Helsinki" class="new" title="University of Helsinki" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="University_of_Helsinki" id="wx439">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wit/University_of_Tampere" class="new" title="University of Tampere" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="University_of_Tampere" id="wx440">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wit/University_of_Turku" class="new" title="University of Turku" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="University_of_Turku" id="wx441">Turku</a> and in <a href="/wit/%C3%85bo_Akademi" class="new" title="Åbo Akademi" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Åbo_Akademi" id="wx442">Åbo Akademi</a>).</p>
</li>

<li id="wx443"><i id="wx444">Rehtori</i>
<p id="wx445">(Rector)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx446"><i id="wx447">Vararehtori</i>
<p id="wx448">(Vice Rector)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx449"><i id="wx450">Dekaani</i>
<p id="wx451">(Dean), <i id="wx452">osastonjohtaja' (Head of Faculty)</i></p>
</li>

<li id="wx453"><i id="wx454">Professori</i>
<p id="wx455">(Professor). Formerly divided into three classes:</p>
</li>
</ul>

<dl id="wx456">
<dd id="wx457">
<ul id="wx458">
<li id="wx459"><i id="wx460">Vakinainen Professori</i>
<p id="wx461">(Professor Ordinary). Class combined with the <i id="wx462">ylimääräinen professori</i> by the end of 1970's</p>
</li>

<li id="wx463"><i id="wx464">Ylimääräinen professori</i>
<p id="wx465">(Professor Extraordinary)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx466"><i id="wx467">Apulaisprofessori</i>
<p id="wx468">(Assistant Professor). All positions changed into professorships in 1998.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>

<ul id="wx469">
<li id="wx470"><i id="wx471">Lehtori</i>
<p id="wx472">or <i id="wx473">yliopistonlehtori</i> (Lecturer), teaching-oriented faculty position requiring a PhD.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx474"><i id="wx475">Dosentti</i>
<p id="wx476">(Adjunct Professor), is not necessarily permanently associated with the university but holds the right to teach (<wx:template id="wx_t2" pagename="Template:Lang-la"/><a href="/wit/Template:Lang-la" class="new" title="Template:Lang-la" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Template:Lang-la" id="wx477">Template:Lang-la</a><wx:templateend start="wx_t2"/>), similarly to German <a href="/wit/Privatdozent" class="new" title="Privatdozent" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Privatdozent" id="wx478">Privatdozent</a> and Swedish <i id="wx479">docent</i>.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx480"><i id="wx481">Yliassistentti</i>
<p id="wx482">(Senior Assistant), post-doc or senior Ph. D student position), <i id="wx483">laboratorioinsinööri</i> (Laboratory Engineer) a formally administrative position, the holders of which often conduct research and teach, however.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx484"><i id="wx485">Assistentti</i>
<p id="wx486">(Assistant) and <i id="wx487">tutkija</i> (Research Associate, Research Scientist) are Ph.D. student positions</p>
</li>

<li id="wx488"><i id="wx489">Tutkimusapulainen</i>
<p id="wx490">(Research Assistant) is an undergrad or Master's student position</p>
</li>

<li id="wx491"><i id="wx492">Ylioppilas</i>
<p id="wx493">(Student)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx494">Notice that Professor is also a title, conferred by the President of Republic as a mark distinction for prominent artists, literary persons or directors of state scientific laboratories. In addition to the ranks mentioned above, the title of <a href="/wit/Academician" class="new" title="Academician" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Academician" id="wx495">Academician</a> may be conferred to the most accomplished scientists, scholars, writers or artists.</p>

<a id="Francia" name="Francia"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Francia" id="wxsec12"><h2 id="wx496">Francia</h2>

<a id="Cariche_accademiche_2" name="Cariche_accademiche_2"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Cariche accademiche" id="wxsec43"><h3 id="wx497">Cariche accademiche</h3>

<p id="wx498">Una delle peculiarità del sistema educativo francese è l'esistenza di un sistema universitario statale e di una rete di <a href="/wit/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Grande_école" wx:page_id="1097787" id="wx499">Grandes Écoles</a>. Le cariche nei due sistemi non sempre si corrispondono.</p>

<a id="Sistema_delle_universit.C3.A0_statali" name="Sistema_delle_universit.C3.A0_statali"/>
<wx:section level="4" title="Sistema delle università statali" id="wxsec69"><h4 id="wx500">Sistema delle università statali</h4>

<ul id="wx501">
<li id="wx502">
<p id="wx503">Professeur des Universités: è il livello più alto di carica accademica e corrisponde al Full professor/Professore Ordinario. In alcune area eccademiche (Legge, Economia, Scienze Politiche) alcuni professore sono "Agrégés des Facultés" che corrisponde al titolo più prestigioso.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx504">
<p id="wx505">Maître de Conférence: è il secondo livello di carica accademica e corrisponde grosso modo al ruolo di Associate Professor/Professore Associato.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx506">Entrambi le cariche sono di ruolo e riservate a persone in possesso di diploma PhD. Altre posizioni accademiche non di ruolo ed a contratto sono:</p>

<ul id="wx507">
<li id="wx508">
<p id="wx509">PRAG : professore di scuola secodaria che insegna anche a livello universitatio (per esempio, di lingua straniera)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx510">
<p id="wx511">Professeur invité (simile al professor of practice degli Stati Uniti)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx512">
<p id="wx513">Attaché temporaire d'enseignement et de recherche (ATER): generalmente uno studente o diplomato di <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx514">PhD</a> con un contratto e con mansioni sia di ricerca che di assistenza didattica.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx515">
<p id="wx516">Allocataire de recherche-moniteur: simile alla posizione ATER.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Sistema_delle_Grades_.C3.89coles" name="Sistema_delle_Grades_.C3.89coles"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="4" title="Sistema delle Grades Écoles" id="wxsec70"><h4 id="wx517">Sistema delle Grades Écoles</h4>

<ul id="wx518">
<li id="wx519">
<p id="wx520">Full professor (<i id="wx521">professeur</i>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx522">
<p id="wx523">Associate professor (<i id="wx524">professeur associé</i>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx525">
<p id="wx526">Assistant professor (<i id="wx527">professeur assistant(e)</i>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx528">
<p id="wx529">Adjunct professor (<i id="wx530">professeur affilié</i>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx531">
<p id="wx532">Instructor (<i id="wx533">vacataire or chargés d'enseignements</i>)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx534">Il titolo di <i id="wx535">Chaired professorships</i> che corrisponde grosso modo al Professore Emerito e può essere assegnato sia ad associate professor che a full professor. Nelle Grandes Écoles non è necessario il diploma di PhD per ricoprire i vari livelli di carica accademica.</p>

<a id="Cariche_amministrative_2" name="Cariche_amministrative_2"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Cariche amministrative" id="wxsec44"><h3 id="wx536">Cariche amministrative</h3>

<ul id="wx537">
<li id="wx538">
<p id="wx539">Recteur : nominato dal Ministro dell'Educazione, simile alla Provveditore in un distretto accademico, con competenze anche sulle scuole primarie e secondarie. Tale carica è generalmente coperta da un professore di lunga esperienza.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx540">
<p id="wx541">Président de l'université : eletto tra un professore con un mandato della durata di quattro anni.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx542">
<p id="wx543">Doyen : posizione eletta e simile alla carica di Preside di Facoltà</p>
</li>

<li id="wx544">
<p id="wx545">Président de la commission de spécialiste : responsabile del corso di laurea in una particolare disciplica</p>
</li>

<li id="wx546">
<p id="wx547">Directeur d'Ecole Doctorale</p>
</li>

<li id="wx548">
<p id="wx549">Directeur d'un centre de recherche</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Germany.2C_Austria" name="Germany.2C_Austria"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Germany, Austria" id="wxsec13"><h2 id="wx550">Germany, Austria</h2>

<ul id="wx551">
<li id="wx552">
<p id="wx553">Professor (Full Professor, usually called a C4 or since 2004 W3 professor according to the German salary scheme)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx554">
<p id="wx555">Professor (Associate Professor, C3 or W2)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx556">
<p id="wx557">Privatdozent (after <a href="/wit/Habilitation" class="new" title="Habilitation" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Habilitation" id="wx558">Habilitation</a>, not a paid position)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx559">
<p id="wx560">Juniorprofessor (Assistant Professor, W1 (formally independent))</p>
</li>

<li id="wx561">
<p id="wx562">Akademischer Rat auf Zeit (A13) or Wissenschaftlicher Assistent (C1, phased out) (Assistant professor, but formally associated to a chair)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx563"><br id="wx564"/>
</p>

<a id="Greece" name="Greece"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Greece" id="wxsec14"><h2 id="wx565">Greece</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_5" name="Academic_ranks_5"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec45"><h3 id="wx566">Academic ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx567">
<li id="wx568">
<p id="wx569">Professor Emeritus</p>
</li>

<li id="wx570">
<p id="wx571">Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx572">
<p id="wx573">Associate Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx574">
<p id="wx575">Assistant Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx576">
<p id="wx577">Lecturer</p>
</li>

<li id="wx578">
<p id="wx579">Teaching Assistant (That rank was abolished at 1982, but people holding it remain Teaching Assistants until retirement.)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx580">The title of Professor is only assumed by Professors and Professors Emeriti, not by Assistant Professors and above.</p>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_4" name="Administrative_ranks_4"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec46"><h3 id="wx581">Administrative ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx582">
<li id="wx583">
<p id="wx584">Rector</p>
</li>

<li id="wx585">
<p id="wx586">Vice-Rector</p>
</li>

<li id="wx587">
<p id="wx588">Secretary General</p>
</li>

<li id="wx589">
<p id="wx590">Dean</p>
</li>

<li id="wx591">
<p id="wx592">Deputy Dean</p>
</li>

<li id="wx593">
<p id="wx594">President of the Department</p>
</li>

<li id="wx595">
<p id="wx596">Deputy President of the Department</p>
</li>

<li id="wx597">
<p id="wx598">Director of the Section</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx599">The holders of the administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors. The only exception is Secretary General, who is not a member of the Academic Staff.</p>

<a id="Hong_Kong" name="Hong_Kong"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Hong Kong" id="wxsec15"><h2 id="wx600">Hong Kong</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_6" name="Academic_ranks_6"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec47"><h3 id="wx601">Academic ranks</h3>

<p id="wx602">In the past <a href="/wit/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Hong_Kong" wx:page_id="38925" id="wx603">Hong Kong</a> follows the British system. In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence. Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably the <a href="/wit/The_University_of_Hong_Kong" class="new" title="The University of Hong Kong" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="The_University_of_Hong_Kong" id="wx604">The University of Hong Kong</a> is in the process of transition. <a href="http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~cstafrep/wnews/wisenews7.html" class="external autonumber" wx:linktype="external" rel="nofollow" id="wx605"/> Depending on institutions, the title of "Professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.</p>

<ul id="wx606">
<li id="wx607">
<p id="wx608">Chair Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx609">
<p id="wx610">Emeritus Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx611">
<p id="wx612">Honorary Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx613"><a href="/wit/Professor" class="new" title="Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professor" id="wx614">Professor</a></li>

<li id="wx615"><a href="/wit/Associate_Professor" class="new" title="Associate Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Associate_Professor" id="wx616">Associate Professor</a></li>

<li id="wx617">
<p id="wx618">Reader</p>
</li>

<li id="wx619">
<p id="wx620">Principal Lecturer</p>
</li>

<li id="wx621"><a href="/wit/Senior_Lecturer" class="new" title="Senior Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Senior_Lecturer" id="wx622">Senior Lecturer</a></li>

<li id="wx623"><a href="/wit/Assistant_Professor" class="new" title="Assistant Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Assistant_Professor" id="wx624">Assistant Professor</a></li>

<li id="wx625"><a href="/wit/Lecturer" class="new" title="Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Lecturer" id="wx626">Lecturer</a></li>

<li id="wx627">
<p id="wx628">Research Assistant Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx629">
<p id="wx630">Post-doctoral Fellow</p>
</li>

<li id="wx631">
<p id="wx632">Adjunct (Associate/Assistant) Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx633">
<p id="wx634">Professional Consultant or Teaching Consultant/Fellow</p>
</li>

<li id="wx635"><a href="/wit/Research_assistant" class="new" title="Research assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Research_assistant" id="wx636">Research assistant</a>
<p id="wx637">and <a href="/wit/Teaching_assistant" class="new" title="Teaching assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Teaching_assistant" id="wx638">teaching assistant</a> (or tutor, instructor, demonstrator)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx639"><a href="/wit/Graduate_student" class="new" title="Graduate student" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Graduate_student" id="wx640">Postgraduate</a>
<p id="wx641">or <a href="/wit/Graduate_student" class="new" title="Graduate student" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Graduate_student" id="wx642">graduate</a></p>
</li>

<li id="wx643"><a href="/wit/Undergraduate" class="new" title="Undergraduate" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Undergraduate" id="wx644">Undergraduate</a></li>
</ul>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_5" name="Administrative_ranks_5"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec48"><h3 id="wx645">Administrative ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx646">
<li id="wx647"><a href="/wit/Chancellor_%28education%29" class="new" title="Chancellor (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Chancellor_(education)" id="wx648">Chancellor</a>
<p id="wx649">(titular, normally the <a href="/wit/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" class="new" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" id="wx650">Chief Executive</a> (formerly the <a href="/wit/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" class="new" title="Governor of Hong Kong" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Governor_of_Hong_Kong" id="wx651">Governor</a>) of Hong Kong) or <a href="/wit/President" class="new" title="President" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="President" id="wx652">President</a> in the <a href="/wit/Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University" class="new" title="Hong Kong Shue Yan University" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University" id="wx653">Hong Kong Shue Yan University</a></p>
</li>

<li id="wx654">
<p id="wx655">Pro-Chancellor (titular, only for the <a href="/wit/University_of_Hong_Kong" class="new" title="University of Hong Kong" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="University_of_Hong_Kong" id="wx656">University of Hong Kong</a> and the <a href="/wit/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" class="new" title="Hong Kong University of Science and Technology" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" id="wx657">Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx658"><a href="/wit/Vice-Chancellor" class="new" title="Vice-Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-Chancellor" id="wx659">Vice-Chancellor</a>
<p id="wx660">or <a href="/wit/President" class="new" title="President" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="President" wx:fragment="Non-governmental_presidents" id="wx661">President</a> (or <a href="/wit/President" class="new" title="President" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="President" id="wx662">Vice President Principal</a> in the <a href="/wit/Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University" class="new" title="Hong Kong Shue Yan University" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University" id="wx663">Hong Kong Shue Yan University</a>): being the <a href="/wit/Chief_executive" class="new" title="Chief executive" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Chief_executive" id="wx664">chief executive</a> of the institutution</p>
</li>

<li id="wx665"><a href="/wit/Pro-Vice-Chancellor" class="new" title="Pro-Vice-Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Pro-Vice-Chancellor" id="wx666">Deputy Vice-Chancellor</a>
<p id="wx667">(as the first among <b id="wx668">Pro-Vice-Chancellors</b> in the <a href="/wit/University_of_Hong_Kong" class="new" title="University of Hong Kong" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="University_of_Hong_Kong" id="wx669">University of Hong Kong</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx670"><a href="/wit/Pro-Vice-Chancellor" class="new" title="Pro-Vice-Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Pro-Vice-Chancellor" id="wx671">Pro-Vice-Chancellors</a>
<p id="wx672">or <a href="/wit/Vice-President" class="new" title="Vice-President" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-President" id="wx673">Vice-Presidents</a> or <a href="/wit/Vice-President" class="new" title="Vice-President" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-President" id="wx674">Deputy Presidents</a></p>
</li>

<li id="wx675"><a href="/wit/Pro-Vice-Chancellor" class="new" title="Pro-Vice-Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Pro-Vice-Chancellor" id="wx676">Associate Pro-Vice-Chancellors</a>
<p id="wx677">(as in the <a href="/wit/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" class="new" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" id="wx678">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>) or <a href="/wit/Vice-President" class="new" title="Vice-President" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-President" id="wx679">Associate Vice-President</a> (as in the <a href="/wit/Hong_Kong_Baptist_University" class="new" title="Hong Kong Baptist University" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Hong_Kong_Baptist_University" id="wx680">Hong Kong Baptist University</a>, the <a href="/wit/Lingnan_University_%28Hong_Kong%29" class="new" title="Lingnan University (Hong Kong)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Lingnan_University_(Hong_Kong)" id="wx681">Lingnan University</a>, the <a href="/wit/Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University" class="new" title="Hong Kong Shue Yan University" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University" id="wx682">Hong Kong Shue Yan University</a>, and the <a href="/wit/Hong_Kong_Institute_of_Education" class="new" title="Hong Kong Institute of Education" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Hong_Kong_Institute_of_Education" id="wx683">Hong Kong Institute of Education</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx684"><a href="/wit/Registrar_%28academic%29" class="new" title="Registrar (academic)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Registrar_(academic)" id="wx685">Registrar</a></li>

<li id="wx686"><a href="/wit/Provost_%28education%29" class="new" title="Provost (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Provost_(education)" id="wx687">Provost</a>
<p id="wx688">(for some universities)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx689"><a href="/wit/Dean_%28education%29" class="new" title="Dean (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dean_(education)" id="wx690">Deans</a>
<p id="wx691">of Faculties / Schools</p>
</li>

<li id="wx692">
<p id="wx693">Heads of Departments / Schools</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Indonesia" name="Indonesia"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Indonesia" id="wxsec16"><h2 id="wx694">Indonesia</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_7" name="Academic_ranks_7"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec49"><h3 id="wx695">Academic ranks</h3>

<p id="wx696">There are 9 ranks, in total, which can be categorized to 3 main levels.</p>

<p id="wx697">2 levels; equivalent with Assistant Professor:</p>

<ul id="wx698">
<li id="wx699">
<p id="wx700">Asisten Ahli Madya</p>
</li>

<li id="wx701">
<p id="wx702">Asisten Ahli</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx703">5 levels; equivalent with Associate Professor:</p>

<ul id="wx704">
<li id="wx705">
<p id="wx706">Lektor Muda</p>
</li>

<li id="wx707">
<p id="wx708">Lektor Madya</p>
</li>

<li id="wx709">
<p id="wx710">Lektor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx711">
<p id="wx712">Lektor Kepala Madya</p>
</li>

<li id="wx713">
<p id="wx714">Lektor Kepala</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx715">2 levels; equivalent with Professor:</p>

<ul id="wx716">
<li id="wx717">
<p id="wx718">Guru Besar Madya</p>
</li>

<li id="wx719">
<p id="wx720">Guru Besar</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Israel" name="Israel"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Israel" id="wxsec17"><h2 id="wx721">Israel</h2>

<ul id="wx722">
<li id="wx723">
<p id="wx724">Professor (Full Professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx725">
<p id="wx726">Associate Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx727">
<p id="wx728">Senior Lecturer</p>
</li>

<li id="wx729">
<p id="wx730">Lecturer</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Italia" name="Italia"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Italia" id="wxsec18"><h2 id="wx731">Italia</h2>

<a id="Cariche_accademiche_3" name="Cariche_accademiche_3"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Cariche accademiche" id="wxsec50"><h3 id="wx732">Cariche accademiche</h3>

<p id="wx733">Le posizioni in ruolo presso le università italiane sono:</p>

<dl id="wx734">
<dd id="wx735">
<ul id="wx736">
<li id="wx737"><a href="/wit/Professore_Ordinario" class="new" title="Professore Ordinario" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professore_Ordinario" id="wx738">Professore Ordinario</a>
<p id="wx739">(Full professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx740"><a href="/wit/Professore_Straordinario" class="new" title="Professore Straordinario" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professore_Straordinario" id="wx741">Professore Straordinario</a>
<p id="wx742">(un professore di prima fascia nei suoi primi tre anni di servizio prima di essere confermato come professore ordinario)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx743"><a href="/wit/Professore_Associato" class="new" title="Professore Associato" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professore_Associato" id="wx744">Professore Associato</a>
<p id="wx745">(Associate Professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx746"><a href="/wit/Ricercatore" title="Ricercatore" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Ricercatore" wx:page_id="62061" id="wx747">Ricercatore</a>
<p id="wx748">(Assistant Professor o Researcher)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx749">
<p id="wx750">Assistente (è una vecchia figura, ormai in esaurimento, presente prima della riforma dei ruoli universitari degli anni '80-90)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>

<p id="wx751">L'università inoltre può nominare dei membri prominenti della comunità accademica e scientifica, che abbiano in passato ricoperto rilevanti cariche accademiche o che, per la loro produzione scientifica, godano di particolare prestigio a livello internazionale, come:</p>

<ol id="wx752">
<li id="wx753">
<p id="wx754">Professore Emerito (professore ordinario a riposo della facoltà con almeno 20 anni di servizio)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx755">
<p id="wx756">Professore Onorario (professore ordinario a riposo della facoltà con almeno 15 anni di servizio).</p>
</li>
</ol>

<p id="wx757">A tali figure non competono particolari prerogative accademiche.</p>

<p id="wx758">Sono previste inoltre le seguenti figure non in ruolo e temporanee:</p>

<dl id="wx759">
<dd id="wx760">
<ul id="wx761">
<li id="wx762">
<p id="wx763">Professore a contratto (professore con un incarico temporaneo per una dato insegnamento, retribuito)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx764">
<p id="wx765">Professore incaricato (figura temporanea come sopra, ma non sempre retribuita)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx766">
<p id="wx767">Assegnista di Ricerca (generalmente una figura col titolo di Dottore di Ricerca con compiti essenzialmente di ricerca)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx768">
<p id="wx769">Dottorando di Ricerca (uno studente dei corsi di Dottorato di Ricerca)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>

<a id="Cariche_amministrative_3" name="Cariche_amministrative_3"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Cariche amministrative" id="wxsec51"><h3 id="wx770">Cariche amministrative</h3>

<ul id="wx771">
<li id="wx772">
<p id="wx773">Rettore (Rector)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx774">
<p id="wx775">Prorettore (Vice-Rector)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx776">
<p id="wx777">Preside di Facoltà (Dean of Faculty)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx778">
<p id="wx779">Presidente di Consiglio di Corso di Laurea (Head of a Bachelor/Msc curriculum on a given topic)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx780">
<p id="wx781">Direttore di Dipartimento (Head of Department)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Japan" name="Japan"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Japan" id="wxsec19"><h2 id="wx782">Japan</h2>

<p id="wx783">Japanese research universities typically have similar positions as the North American system. Principal faculty ranks are:</p>

<ul id="wx784">
<li id="wx785">
<p id="wx786">Professor, <wx:template id="wx_t3" pagename="Template:Nihongo" page_id="414544"/><i id="wx787">kyōju</i> <span style="font-weight: normal" id="wx788">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja" id="wx789">教授</span><span class="t_nihongo_norom" style="display:none" id="wx790"><span class="t_nihongo_virgola" style="display:none" id="wx791">,</span> <i id="wx792"><span class="t_nihongo_romaji" id="wx793"><i id="wx794">kyōju</i></span></i></span><span class="t_nihongo_aiuto" id="wx795"><a href="/wit/Aiuto:Giapponese" title="Aiuto:Giapponese" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Aiuto:Giapponese" id="wx796"><span class="t_nihongo_icona" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;" id="wx797"><sup id="wx798">?</sup></span></a></span>)</span><wx:templateend start="wx_t3"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx799">
<p id="wx800">Associate Professor, <wx:template id="wx_t4" pagename="Template:Nihongo" page_id="414544"/><i id="wx801">junkyōju</i> <span style="font-weight: normal" id="wx802">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja" id="wx803">准教授</span><span class="t_nihongo_norom" style="display:none" id="wx804"><span class="t_nihongo_virgola" style="display:none" id="wx805">,</span> <i id="wx806"><span class="t_nihongo_romaji" id="wx807"><i id="wx808">junkyōju</i></span></i></span><span class="t_nihongo_aiuto" id="wx809"><a href="/wit/Aiuto:Giapponese" title="Aiuto:Giapponese" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Aiuto:Giapponese" id="wx810"><span class="t_nihongo_icona" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;" id="wx811"><sup id="wx812">?</sup></span></a></span>)</span><wx:templateend start="wx_t4"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx813">
<p id="wx814">Lecturer,<wx:template id="wx_t5" pagename="Template:Nihongo" page_id="414544"/><i id="wx815">kohshi</i> <span style="font-weight: normal" id="wx816">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja" id="wx817">講師</span><span class="t_nihongo_norom" style="display:none" id="wx818"><span class="t_nihongo_virgola" style="display:none" id="wx819">,</span> <i id="wx820"><span class="t_nihongo_romaji" id="wx821"><i id="wx822">kohshi</i></span></i></span><span class="t_nihongo_aiuto" id="wx823"><a href="/wit/Aiuto:Giapponese" title="Aiuto:Giapponese" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Aiuto:Giapponese" id="wx824"><span class="t_nihongo_icona" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;" id="wx825"><sup id="wx826">?</sup></span></a></span>)</span><wx:templateend start="wx_t5"/>
</p>
</li>

<li id="wx827">
<p id="wx828">Assistant Professor, <wx:template id="wx_t6" pagename="Template:Nihongo" page_id="414544"/><i id="wx829">jokyō</i> <span style="font-weight: normal" id="wx830">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja" id="wx831">助教</span><span class="t_nihongo_norom" style="display:none" id="wx832"><span class="t_nihongo_virgola" style="display:none" id="wx833">,</span> <i id="wx834"><span class="t_nihongo_romaji" id="wx835"><i id="wx836">jokyō</i></span></i></span><span class="t_nihongo_aiuto" id="wx837"><a href="/wit/Aiuto:Giapponese" title="Aiuto:Giapponese" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Aiuto:Giapponese" id="wx838"><span class="t_nihongo_icona" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;" id="wx839"><sup id="wx840">?</sup></span></a></span>)</span><wx:templateend start="wx_t6"/>
</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Netherlands" name="Netherlands"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Netherlands" id="wxsec20"><h2 id="wx841">Netherlands</h2>

<p id="wx842">The Dutch system is comparable to the U.S. system, although Ph.D candidates are usually employed by the university. However, some call for a general introduction of Ph.D student tracks, where students are given a scholarship instead of being paid wages.</p>

<p id="wx843">Faculty Positions</p>

<ul id="wx844">
<li id="wx845"><i id="wx846">Hoogleraar</i>
<p id="wx847">(Full Professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx848"><i id="wx849">Universitair Hoofddocent</i>
<p id="wx850">(Associate Professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx851"><i id="wx852">Universitair Docent</i>
<p id="wx853">(Assistant Professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx854"><i id="wx855">Junior Onderzoeker / Assistent in Opleiding</i>
<p id="wx856">(Junior Researcher / Ph.D candidate employed by the university)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx857"><i id="wx858">Docent</i>
<p id="wx859">(Lecturer, teaching staff usually not holding a Ph.D)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx860"><i id="wx861">Student Assistent</i>
<p id="wx862">(Research or Teaching Assistent, (under)graduate student employed by university for research or teaching activities)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx863">Administrive position</p>

<ul id="wx864">
<li id="wx865"><i id="wx866">Rector Magnificus</i>
<p id="wx867">(Head of research and education of a university)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx868"><i id="wx869">Dean</i>
<p id="wx870">(Head of research and education of a faculty/school)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx871"><i id="wx872">Department Chair</i></li>
</ul>

<a id="Norway" name="Norway"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Norway" id="wxsec21"><h2 id="wx873">Norway</h2>

<p id="wx874">Elected faculty positions:</p>

<ul id="wx875">
<li id="wx876"><i id="wx877">Rektor</i>
<p id="wx878">(Rector; one per university; usually assisted by <i id="wx879">prorektor</i> and/or <i id="wx880">viserektor</i>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx881"><i id="wx882">Dekan</i>
<p id="wx883">(Dean; one per faculty; formerly <i id="wx884">Dekanus</i> (males) and <i id="wx885">Dekana</i> (females), sometimes assisted by a <i id="wx886">prodekan</i>)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx887">Professorial ranks:</p>

<ul id="wx888">
<li id="wx889"><a href="/wit/Professor" class="new" title="Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professor" id="wx890">Professor</a>
<p id="wx891">(full professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx892">
<p id="wx893">Professor emeritus (retired professor; title conferred to all former full professors, regardless of how they are currently employed)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx894"><i id="wx895">Professor II</i>
<p id="wx896">(Part-time professor; professors II are usually full professors in another institution than the one in which they are professor II)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx897">Postdoctoral ranks:</p>

<ul id="wx898">
<li id="wx899"><i id="wx900">Dosent</i>
<p id="wx901">(Reader; rarely used in universities, somewhat more common in professional colleges)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx902"><i id="wx903"><a href="/wit/F%C3%B8rsteamanuensis" class="new" title="Førsteamanuensis" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Førsteamanuensis" id="wx904">Førsteamanuensis</a></i>
<p id="wx905">(associate professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx906"><i id="wx907">Førstelektor</i>
<p id="wx908">(senior lecturer; lecturer who holds a doctorate)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx909"><i id="wx910">Postdoc</i>
<p id="wx911">(senior research fellow; postdoctoral fellow)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx912">Postgraduate ranks:</p>

<ul id="wx913">
<li id="wx914"><i id="wx915"><a href="/wit/Amanuensis" class="new" title="Amanuensis" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Amanuensis" id="wx916">Amanuensis</a></i>
<p id="wx917">(assistant professor; rarely used in universities, somewhat more common in professional colleges)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx918"><i id="wx919">Universitetslektor</i>
<p id="wx920">(university lecturer; lecturers in professional colleges are called <i id="wx921">høgskolelektor</i>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx922"><i id="wx923">Stipendiat</i>
<p id="wx924">(research fellow; PhD-student)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx925"><i id="wx926">Vitenskapelig assistent</i>
<p id="wx927">(research assistant; usually a graduate student)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Poland" name="Poland"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Poland" id="wxsec22"><h2 id="wx928">Poland</h2>

<p id="wx929">Research-and-teaching staff:</p>

<ul id="wx930">
<li id="wx931">
<p id="wx932">Instructor (asystent)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx933">
<p id="wx934">Assistant professor (adiunkt)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx935">
<p id="wx936">Associate professor (docent dr habilitowany)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx937">
<p id="wx938">Professor extraordinarius (profesor nadzwyczajny)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx939">
<p id="wx940">Professor ordinarius (profesor zwyczajny)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx941">and also for a special purpose:</p>

<ul id="wx942">
<li id="wx943">
<p id="wx944">visiting professor (profesor wizytujący)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx945">
<p id="wx946">professor emeritus (profesor emerytowany)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx947">Teaching staff:</p>

<ul id="wx948">
<li id="wx949">
<p id="wx950">lecturer (wykładowca)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx951">
<p id="wx952">senior lecturer (starszy wykładowca)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx953">
<p id="wx954">instructor (instruktor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx955">
<p id="wx956">lector /foreign language teacher/ (lektor)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx957">Elected faculty positions:</p>

<ul id="wx958">
<li id="wx959">
<p id="wx960">Rector (Rektor); one per university; usually assisted by several prorectors</p>
</li>

<li id="wx961">
<p id="wx962">Dean (Dziekan); one per faculty;</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Romania" name="Romania"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Romania" id="wxsec23"><h2 id="wx963">Romania</h2>

<a id="Administrative_ranks:" name="Administrative_ranks:"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks:" id="wxsec52"><h3 id="wx964">Administrative ranks:</h3>

<ul id="wx965">
<li id="wx966">
<p id="wx967">Rector ("Rector"; one per university; usually assisted by a "Prorector")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx968">
<p id="wx969">Dean ("Decan"; one per faculty; assisted by a "Prodecan")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx970">
<p id="wx971">Head of Department ("Şef de Catedra"; one per Department)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Research-and-teaching_staff_.28higher_rank.29:" name="Research-and-teaching_staff_.28higher_rank.29:"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank):" id="wxsec53"><h3 id="wx972">Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank):</h3>

<ul id="wx973">
<li id="wx974">
<p id="wx975">professor ("profesor")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx976">
<p id="wx977">associate professor ("conferentiar")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx978">
<p id="wx979">assistant professor ("lector")</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx980">and also for a special purpose:</p>

<ul id="wx981">
<li id="wx982">
<p id="wx983">visiting professor ("profesor vizitator")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx984">
<p id="wx985">professor emeritus ("profesor emerit" or "profesor consultant")</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Teaching_staff_.28lower_rank.29:" name="Teaching_staff_.28lower_rank.29:"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Teaching staff (lower rank):" id="wxsec54"><h3 id="wx986">Teaching staff (lower rank):</h3>

<ul id="wx987">
<li id="wx988">
<p id="wx989">teaching assistant ("asistent")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx990">
<p id="wx991">junior teaching assistant ("preparator")</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Russia" name="Russia"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Russia" id="wxsec24"><h2 id="wx992">Russia</h2>

<p id="wx993"><b id="wx994">Administrative positions:</b></p>

<ul id="wx995">
<li id="wx996">
<p id="wx997">Rector (ректор)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx998">
<p id="wx999">Provost (Первый проректор)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1000">
<p id="wx1001">Vice-rectors (Academic, Research, Financial, Foreign Activity)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1002">
<p id="wx1003">Dean (декан)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1004">
<p id="wx1005">Associate Deans (Academic, Research)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1006">
<p id="wx1007">Chair (head) of a department (заведующий кафедрой)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1008">
<p id="wx1009">Head of Administrative Departments</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx1010"><i id="wx1011">On a par with Rector, some universities has President Position, but it’s usually honored position.</i> Academic department heads and chairs serve the same function, and there may also be associate and assistant department heads or chairs (though this is unusual). The term "Department Head" usually indicates the administrator is elected to the post by the faculty of the department, while the term "Department Chair" usually means the person is appointed by the dean without election by the faculty.</p>

<p id="wx1012"><b id="wx1013">Academic degrees:</b></p>

<ul id="wx1014">
<li id="wx1015">
<p id="wx1016">Doctor of Science, Dr. of Sc. (the highest degree)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1017">
<p id="wx1018">Candidate of Science, Cand. of Sc. (like PhD), usually earned after three years of research</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1019">
<p id="wx1020">Master Degree, usually earned after six years of academics (4 years undergraduate studies and 2 years graduate studies)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1021">
<p id="wx1022">Specialist (e.g. Diploma in Engineering), usually earned after Bachelor plus one year of specialization</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1023">
<p id="wx1024">Bachelor, usually earned after four years of undergraduate studies</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx1025"><i id="wx1026">The main difference Russian educational system is:</i> There are two degree (Dr. of Sc. and Cand. of Sc.). Usually standard PhD is close to Cand. of Sc. However, if you have PhD and a lot of books, huge academic experience, many published research results, you have a chance to hold the certificate that your PhD equals Dr. of Sc. Also each degree (Cand. and Dr.) is divided into majors. PhD means specialist from any major (excepting medicine) is called Doctor of Philosophy. In Russian educational system the following variety of degree:</p>

<ul id="wx1027">
<li id="wx1028">
<p id="wx1029">Doctor/Candidate of Engineering Science</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1030">
<p id="wx1031">Doctor/Candidate of Physical-Mathematical Science</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1032">
<p id="wx1033">Doctor/Candidate of Biological Science</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1034">
<p id="wx1035">Doctor/Candidate of Medical Science</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1036">
<p id="wx1037">Doctor/Candidate of Economical Science</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1038">
<p id="wx1039">Doctor/Candidate of Juridical (Law) Science</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1040">
<p id="wx1041">Etc.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx1042"><b id="wx1043">Academic positions:</b></p>

<ul id="wx1044">
<li id="wx1045">
<p id="wx1046">Professor (Full Professor), usually Doctor of Sc.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1047">
<p id="wx1048">Associate Professor (dozent, доцент), usually Cand. of Sc.</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1049">
<p id="wx1050">Lecturer - time divided equally between research and teaching (it can be both Professor or Dozent)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1051">
<p id="wx1052">Senior instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1053">
<p id="wx1054">Instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1055">
<p id="wx1056">Assistant Professor (usually doctoral student of Cand. of Sc.)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1057">
<p id="wx1058">Research Assistant (research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty).</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="South_Africa" name="South_Africa"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="South Africa" id="wxsec25"><h2 id="wx1059">South Africa</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_8" name="Academic_ranks_8"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec55"><h3 id="wx1060">Academic ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx1061">
<li id="wx1062"><a href="/wit/Extraordinary_Professor" class="new" title="Extraordinary Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Extraordinary_Professor" id="wx1063">Extraordinary Professor</a></li>

<li id="wx1064"><a href="/wit/Senior_Professor" class="new" title="Senior Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Senior_Professor" id="wx1065">Senior Professor</a>
<p id="wx1066">(Must hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx1067">PhD</a>, except in Accounting)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1068"><a href="/wit/Professor" class="new" title="Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professor" id="wx1069">Professor</a>
<p id="wx1070">(Must hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx1071">PhD</a>, except in Accounting)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1072"><a href="/wit/Associate_Professor" class="new" title="Associate Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Associate_Professor" id="wx1073">Associate Professor</a>
<p id="wx1074">(Must hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx1075">PhD</a>, except in Accounting)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1076"><a href="/wit/Senior_Lecturer" class="new" title="Senior Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Senior_Lecturer" id="wx1077">Senior Lecturer</a>
<p id="wx1078">(Must hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx1079">PhD</a>, except in Accounting)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1080"><a href="/wit/Lecturer" class="new" title="Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Lecturer" id="wx1081">Lecturer</a>
<p id="wx1082">(Must hold a <a href="/wit/Masters" class="new" title="Masters" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Masters" id="wx1083">Masters</a> degree, except in Accounting)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1084"><a href="/wit/Junior_Lecturer" class="new" title="Junior Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Junior_Lecturer" id="wx1085">Junior Lecturer</a>
<p id="wx1086">(Must hold a <a href="/wit/Honours" class="new" title="Honours" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Honours" id="wx1087">Honours</a> degree, except in Accounting)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1088"><a href="/wit/Research_Assistant" class="new" title="Research Assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Research_Assistant" id="wx1089">Research Assistant</a></li>

<li id="wx1090"><a href="/wit/Tutor" class="new" title="Tutor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Tutor" id="wx1091">Tutor</a>
<p id="wx1092">, <a href="/wit/Student-Assistant" class="new" title="Student-Assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Student-Assistant" id="wx1093">Student-Assistant</a>, <a href="/wit/Demonstrator" class="new" title="Demonstrator" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Demonstrator" id="wx1094">Demonstrator</a></p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_6" name="Administrative_ranks_6"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec56"><h3 id="wx1095">Administrative ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx1096">
<li id="wx1097"><a href="/wit/Chancellor" class="new" title="Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Chancellor" id="wx1098">Chancellor</a>
<p id="wx1099">(<a href="/wit/Titular" class="new" title="Titular" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Titular" id="wx1100">titular</a>), (<a href="/wit/Honorific" class="new" title="Honorific" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Honorific" id="wx1101">honorific</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1102"><a href="/wit/Rector" class="new" title="Rector" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Rector" id="wx1103">Rector</a>
<p id="wx1104">&amp; <a href="/wit/Vice-Chancellor" class="new" title="Vice-Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-Chancellor" id="wx1105">Vice-Chancellor</a> (<a href="/wit/Dual_title" class="new" title="Dual title" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dual_title" id="wx1106">dual title</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1107"><a href="/wit/Vice-Rector" class="new" title="Vice-Rector" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-Rector" id="wx1108">Vice-Rector</a></li>

<li id="wx1109"><a href="/wit/Dean_%28education%29" class="new" title="Dean (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dean_(education)" id="wx1110">Dean</a></li>

<li id="wx1111"><a href="/wit/Vice-Dean" class="new" title="Vice-Dean" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-Dean" id="wx1112">Vice-Dean</a></li>

<li id="wx1113"><a href="/wit/Programme_Directors" class="new" title="Programme Directors" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Programme_Directors" id="wx1114">Programme Directors</a></li>

<li id="wx1115"><a href="/wit/Departmental_Chairperson" class="new" title="Departmental Chairperson" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Departmental_Chairperson" id="wx1116">Departmental Chairperson</a>
<p id="wx1117">or <a href="/wit/Head_of_Department" class="new" title="Head of Department" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Head_of_Department" id="wx1118">Head of Department</a></p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Spain" name="Spain"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Spain" id="wxsec26"><h2 id="wx1119">Spain</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_9" name="Academic_ranks_9"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec57"><h3 id="wx1120">Academic ranks</h3>

<dl id="wx1121">
<dd id="wx1122">
<p id="wx1123">Tenured:</p>

<dl id="wx1124">
<dd id="wx1125">
<p id="wx1126">Civil servants:</p>

<dl id="wx1127">
<dd id="wx1128">
<ul id="wx1129">
<li id="wx1130">
<p id="wx1131">Catedrático de Universidad</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1132">
<p id="wx1133">Profesor Titular de Universidad</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1134">
<p id="wx1135">Catedrático de Escuela Universitaria (to be extinguished)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1136">
<p id="wx1137">Profesor Titular de Escuela Universitaria (does not have to hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx1138">PhD</a>) (to be extinguished)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>

<dl id="wx1139">
<dd id="wx1140">
<dl id="wx1141">
<dd id="wx1142">
<p id="wx1143">Non-civil servants:</p>

<dl id="wx1144">
<dd id="wx1145">
<ul id="wx1146">
<li id="wx1147">
<p id="wx1148">Profesor Contratado Doctor (must hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx1149">PhD</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1150">
<p id="wx1151">Profesor de Universidad Privada (must hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx1152">PhD</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1153">
<p id="wx1154">Profesor Colaborador (does not have to hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx1155">PhD</a>) (to be extinguished)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>

<dl id="wx1156">
<dd id="wx1157">
<p id="wx1158">Temporary and non-Faculty:</p>

<dl id="wx1159">
<dd id="wx1160">
<ul id="wx1161">
<li id="wx1162">
<p id="wx1163">Profesor Visitante</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1164">
<p id="wx1165">Profesor Asociado</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1166">
<p id="wx1167">Profesor Ayudante Doctor (must hold a <a href="/wit/PhD" title="PhD" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="PhD" wx:page_id="1308663" id="wx1168">PhD</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1169">
<p id="wx1170">Profesor Ayudante</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_7" name="Administrative_ranks_7"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec58"><h3 id="wx1171">Administrative ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx1172">
<li id="wx1173">
<p id="wx1174">Rector (necessarily a Catedrático de Universidad)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1175">
<p id="wx1176">Vicerrector</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1177">
<p id="wx1178">Secretario General</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1179">
<p id="wx1180">Gerente</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1181">
<p id="wx1182">Decano or Director (often also a Catedrático de Universidad, but not necessarily)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1183">
<p id="wx1184">Vicedecanos or Subdirectores</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1185">
<p id="wx1186">Secretario del Centro</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1187">
<p id="wx1188">Director de Departamento</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1189">
<p id="wx1190">Secretario de Departamento</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Sweden" name="Sweden"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Sweden" id="wxsec27"><h2 id="wx1191">Sweden</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_10" name="Academic_ranks_10"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec59"><h3 id="wx1192">Academic ranks</h3>

<p id="wx1193">Academic ranks with their corresponding required skills in teaching and research are defined in the University Law (SFS 1993:100) and the University Ordinance (SFS 1992:1434). The hiring of and promotion to the rank of professor are examined in committee before being decided by the appropriate university official, usually the prefekt, dekan or rektor. The examination is based on the views of two or more external examiners. Decisions are frequently appealed to the Appeals Board for Swedish Universities and Colleges (<i id="wx1194">Överklagandenämnden för Högskolan</i>). A similar but less strict procedure is used before the title of <i id="wx1195">docent</i> can be awarded or the employment of a <i id="wx1196">lektor</i>.</p>

<p id="wx1197">In general, the Swedish system of academic ranks contains two intertwined career ladders; one based in teaching, the other based in research. The teaching ladder starts with <i id="wx1198">adjunkt</i>, continues with <i id="wx1199">lektor</i>, and ends with <i id="wx1200">professor</i>. The research ladder starts with <i id="wx1201">doktorand</i>, continues with <i id="wx1202">doktor</i> and then <i id="wx1203">docent</i>, and ends with <i id="wx1204">professor</i>. All titles, except for the doktor degree (PhD) and the docent title, are tied to the employment in a certain position.</p>

<p id="wx1205"><b id="wx1206">Professor:</b> Previously only holders of a Chair were called Professor, but since the 1990s a second career way has been opened, allowing qualified lecturers to apply for promotion. A successful examination will automatically confer professorship upon the applicant. These promoted professors (or Tham professors, after the Minister for Education Carl Tham who adopted the procedure), enjoy most of the advantages of a full professors, but as the institution will receive no extra funding for their research work, they have so far carried a disproportionately large responsibility for teaching. Both unions and universities agree that this must change over time, but progress have been slow. The professor title is tied to the employment - when a professor resigns, he/she will loose the title.</p>

<p id="wx1207"><b id="wx1208">Tillförordnad professor / Adjungerad professor / Gästprofessor:</b> Acting professor, adjunct professor and visiting professor are all temporary professor positions used to solve the need for a certain competence or a managerial resource. An adjunct professor usually works on a part-time basis (e.g. 20%) and has his/hers main employment elsewhere. As the positions are temporary, they require less formal merits, and individuals are usually directly recruited without amy selection process.</p>

<p id="wx1209"><b id="wx1210">Docent:</b> Having considerably increased the width and depth of her research, a lecturer may apply to be awarded a <i id="wx1211">docentur</i>. The hearing is similar to that applied before hiring a professor, but less strict in its form. Through her research, the docent is considered to have acquired <i id="wx1212">venia docendi</i>, the right to teach. Accordingly, she may teach at all levels and act as <i id="wx1213">opponent</i> at <a href="/wit/Dissertation" class="new" title="Dissertation" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dissertation" wx:fragment="Thesis_defense" id="wx1214">Thesis defence</a>. Typically, a docent manages a group of PhD-students or a subdivision of a research group. She often chairs smaller research projects of her own. While once a formal position that could be obtained through an excellent grade on the PhD dissertation, today lecturers apply to be accepted as unpaid docents, meaning that they keep their current job but may use the senior title. The docent title remains with the individual for life.</p>

<p id="wx1215"><b id="wx1216">Lektor:</b> A position as lecturer requires proven pedagogical and scientific skills, usually being understood as teaching experience during his PhD-studies and a defended thesis. Although lecturers are promised a 50/50 partition between research and teaching, for those lecturers unable to find external funding it is largely a teacher's position. Coursework will include all levels, but lecturers do not act as examinators at the PhD-level. As with the professors, a promotion procedure can be applied for junior staff that qualify. Administrative or pedagogical skills can substitute for a lack in research work, if combined with long service. Today, almost all lecturer positions require a PhD exam. Qualification as lektor is the required level to participate in academic elections, as well as to stand for the offices of dekan or rektor. The title of lektor is tied to the employment.</p>

<p id="wx1217"><b id="wx1218">Forskningsingenjör / PostDoc / Forskare / Forskarassistent:</b> Research engineers, PostDoc researchers or Researcher are time limited positions allowing a former PhD student to continue his research. Teaching responsibilities of these junior researchers are very limited and it is considered to be a short cut in the career track. A current commission will most probably suggest changes in the post doctoral positions by the end of 2007.</p>

<p id="wx1219"><b id="wx1220">Doktor:</b> An individual who has obtained the PhD degree. In a few Swedish universities, it is also a permanent teaching position.</p>

<p id="wx1221"><b id="wx1222">Adjunkt:</b> The adjunkt is a teacher's position, with responsibilities on the undergraduate and masters' levels. Having no other qualifications than a Masters' Degree, while the adjunkt is common at both universities and colleges, the former are striving to upgrade adjunkts to lektors. This is done by allowing time to perform or complete PhD-studies, or by systematically replacing adjunkts who have quit or retired with positions as lektors.</p>

<p id="wx1223"><b id="wx1224">Doktorand:</b> The Faculty Board may not accept PhD-students unless they can prove that the relevant finances are available to support the student. While employment as doktorand is unpopular with faculty for economical reasons, it is widely demanded by student organizations and acknowledge in law. The position as doktorand does not per se distinguish between those students who are employed and those benefiting from public or private grants. It is common to prolong the doktorand employment or scholarship period by teaching as adjunkt or doing other work for the department. Such work cannot surpass 20% of a full time position, bringing the four year PhD programme to a total of five years.</p>

<a id="Emeritus_rank" name="Emeritus_rank"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Emeritus rank" id="wxsec60"><h3 id="wx1225">Emeritus rank</h3>

<p id="wx1226">Emeritus rank are most commonly used for professors, although there is no particular regulation prohibiting a lektor or docent to add the letters <i id="wx1227">em</i> after his title.</p>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_8" name="Administrative_ranks_8"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec61"><h3 id="wx1228">Administrative ranks</h3>

<p id="wx1229"><b id="wx1230">Rektor:</b> Most universities and colleges being state institutions, the rector is appointed by Government. The appointment is for six years, renewable for two times three years. However, while directors general of all other departments and authorities are parachuted from above, no rector will be appointed without the board of the university's recommendation. This, in turn, will be based on the opinion of lektors, professors and students. A formal account of the hearing process, including aspects of equal opportunity, is part of the recommendation sent to the Government. Rektors will hold the rank of lektor or higher. The private colleges follow a very similar procedure, but with appointment being made either by Government or by the board itself.</p>

<p id="wx1231"><b id="wx1232">Prorektor:</b> The board of the university appoints a prorektor for the university, which will serve as acting rector during the rector's vacation, travels and other absences. The position is proscribed in law; prorektors will usually hold the rank of lektor or higher.</p>

<p id="wx1233"><b id="wx1234">Vice-rektor:</b> Several of the large universities have adopted an organization where vice-rektors will hold a specific office as the rector's chargé d'affaires in a particular domain. The office of vice-rektor is not proscribed in law. Procedures and requirements for election as well as missions have therefore varied widely between institutions. Responsibilities include, but are not limited to, Student's Welfare, Education Quality, Off-Campus Programmes, Corporate Affairs, Information Technology and Internationalisation. Vice-rektors will usually hold the rank of lektor or higher, but again, this may vary between institutions.</p>

<p id="wx1235"><b id="wx1236">Dekan, Dekanus:</b> While the internal organization of the higher education institutions are not regulated by law, most have opted to divide into faculties or areas headed by a board and a <i id="wx1237">dekan</i> or <i id="wx1238">dekanus</i>, the dean. Deans are commonly appointed by the rector after hearing the opinion of the lektors and professors. The usually serve with a time limited mandate. Deans will hold the rank of lektor or higher.</p>

<p id="wx1239"><b id="wx1240">Prefekt:</b> Most universities and colleges are subdivided into departements, headed by the prefekt and the department board or, sometimes, by the prefekt alone. Prefekts may be appointed by and report directly to the department board, the faculty board or the rector. There are no formal requirements for a prefekt, but will adjunkts have held the position a prefekt will usually hold a position as lektor or higher.</p>

<a id="Switzerland" name="Switzerland"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Switzerland" id="wxsec28"><h2 id="wx1241">Switzerland</h2>

<a id="German-language_universities_of_Switzerland" name="German-language_universities_of_Switzerland"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="German-language universities of Switzerland" id="wxsec62"><h3 id="wx1242">German-language universities of Switzerland</h3>

<ul id="wx1243">
<li id="wx1244">
<p id="wx1245">...</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="French-language_universities_of_Switzerland" name="French-language_universities_of_Switzerland"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="French-language universities of Switzerland" id="wxsec63"><h3 id="wx1246">French-language universities of Switzerland</h3>

<ul id="wx1247">
<li id="wx1248">
<p id="wx1249">Professeur ordinaire (full professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1250">
<p id="wx1251">Professeur extraordinaire</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1252">
<p id="wx1253">Professeur associé (associate professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1254">
<p id="wx1255">Professeur assistant (assistant professor)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1256">
<p id="wx1257">Maître d'Enseignement et de Recherche (lecturer)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1258">
<p id="wx1259">Maître-Assistant (Junior Group Leader)</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="United_Kingdom" name="United_Kingdom"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="United Kingdom" id="wxsec29"><h2 id="wx1260">United Kingdom</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_11" name="Academic_ranks_11"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec64"><h3 id="wx1261">Academic ranks</h3>

<ul id="wx1262">
<li id="wx1263"><a href="/wit/Professor" class="new" title="Professor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Professor" id="wx1264">Professor</a></li>

<li id="wx1265"><a href="/wit/Reader_%28academic_rank%29" class="new" title="Reader (academic rank)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Reader_(academic_rank)" id="wx1266">Reader</a></li>

<li id="wx1267"><a href="/wit/Lecturer" class="new" title="Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Lecturer" id="wx1268">Principal Lecturer</a>
<p id="wx1269">(usually only used in <a href="/wit/New_Universities" class="new" title="New Universities" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="New_Universities" id="wx1270">New Universities</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1271"><a href="/wit/Lecturer" class="new" title="Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Lecturer" id="wx1272">Senior Lecturer</a>
<p id="wx1273">(has a different meaning in old and new universities)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1274"><a href="/wit/Lecturer" class="new" title="Lecturer" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Lecturer" id="wx1275">Lecturer</a></li>

<li id="wx1276"><a href="/wit/Research" class="new" title="Research" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Research" id="wx1277">Research</a> <a href="/wit/Fellow" class="new" title="Fellow" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Fellow" id="wx1278">Fellow</a></li>

<li id="wx1279"><a href="/wit/Demonstrator_%28academia%29" class="new" title="Demonstrator (academia)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Demonstrator_(academia)" id="wx1280">Demonstrator</a>
<p id="wx1281">/ <a href="/wit/Research_assistant" class="new" title="Research assistant" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Research_assistant" id="wx1282">Research assistant</a> (either <a href="/wit/Postdoctoral" class="new" title="Postdoctoral" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Postdoctoral" id="wx1283">Postdoctoral fellows</a> or Research Postgraduates)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1284"><a href="/wit/Graduate_student" class="new" title="Graduate student" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Graduate_student" id="wx1285">Postgraduate</a></li>

<li id="wx1286"><a href="/wit/Undergraduate" class="new" title="Undergraduate" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Undergraduate" id="wx1287">Undergraduate</a></li>
</ul>

<a id="University_of_Warwick_changes" name="University_of_Warwick_changes"/>
<wx:section level="4" title="University of Warwick changes" id="wxsec71"><h4 id="wx1288">University of Warwick changes</h4>

<p id="wx1289">The <a href="/wit/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="University_of_Warwick" wx:page_id="1109446" id="wx1290">University of Warwick</a> has announced that its faculty will change academic titles to the American system (Professor, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor) from the 2006-2007 academic year.</p>

<a id="Emeritus_ranks" name="Emeritus_ranks"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Emeritus ranks" id="wxsec65"><h3 id="wx1291">Emeritus ranks</h3>

<p id="wx1292">Upon retirement, a university may grant honorary status to the former staff member. In the case of the <a href="/wit/University_of_Hull" class="new" title="University of Hull" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="University_of_Hull" id="wx1293">University of Hull</a>, the ranks correspond as follows:</p>

<ul id="wx1294">
<li id="wx1295">
<p id="wx1296">Professor : Emeritus Professor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1297">
<p id="wx1298">Reader : Emeritus Reader</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1299">
<p id="wx1300">Senior Lecturer : Senior Fellow</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1301">
<p id="wx1302">Lecturer : Fellow</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_9" name="Administrative_ranks_9"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec66"><h3 id="wx1303">Administrative ranks</h3>

<p id="wx1304">There are two systems of administrative ranks - one for <a href="/wit/England" title="England" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="England" wx:page_id="1625452" id="wx1305">England</a>, <a href="/wit/Wales" title="Wales" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Wales" wx:page_id="1799239" id="wx1306">Wales</a> and <a href="/wit/Northern_Ireland" class="new" title="Northern Ireland" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Northern_Ireland" id="wx1307">Northern Ireland</a> and one for <a href="/wit/Scotland" title="Scotland" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Scotland" wx:page_id="441592" id="wx1308">Scotland</a>.</p>

<a id="England.2C_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" name="England.2C_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland"/>
<wx:section level="4" title="England, Wales and Northern Ireland" id="wxsec72"><h4 id="wx1309">England, Wales and Northern Ireland</h4>

<ul id="wx1310">
<li id="wx1311"><a href="/wit/Chancellor_%28education%29" class="new" title="Chancellor (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Chancellor_(education)" id="wx1312">Chancellor</a>
<p id="wx1313">(titular)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1314">
<p id="wx1315">Pro-Chancellor (titular)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1316"><a href="/wit/Vice-Chancellor" class="new" title="Vice-Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-Chancellor" id="wx1317">Vice-Chancellor</a>
<p id="wx1318">(also known as Rector or Provost at some universities)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1319">
<p id="wx1320">Deputy Vice-Chancellor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1321">
<p id="wx1322">Pro-Vice-Chancellor</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1323"><a href="/wit/Dean_%28education%29" class="new" title="Dean (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dean_(education)" id="wx1324">Deans of Faculties</a></li>

<li id="wx1325">
<p id="wx1326">Heads of Departments/Schools</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1327">
<p id="wx1328">Department/School <a href="/wit/Director_of_Studies" class="new" title="Director of Studies" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Director_of_Studies" id="wx1329">Directors of Studies</a></p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Scotland" name="Scotland"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="4" title="Scotland" id="wxsec73"><h4 id="wx1330">Scotland</h4>

<ul id="wx1331">
<li id="wx1332"><a href="/wit/Chancellor_%28education%29" class="new" title="Chancellor (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Chancellor_(education)" id="wx1333">Chancellor</a>
<p id="wx1334">(titular)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1335"><a href="/wit/Rector" class="new" title="Rector" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Rector" id="wx1336">Rector</a>
<p id="wx1337">(<a href="/wit/Ancient_Universities" class="new" title="Ancient Universities" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Ancient_Universities" id="wx1338">Ancient Universities</a> only)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1339"><a href="/wit/Principal_%28school%29" class="new" title="Principal (school)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Principal_(school)" id="wx1340">Principal</a>
<p id="wx1341">(who is also <a href="/wit/Vice-Chancellor" class="new" title="Vice-Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-Chancellor" id="wx1342">Vice-Chancellor</a>)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1343">
<p id="wx1344">Deputy Principal</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1345">
<p id="wx1346">Vice-Principals</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1347"><a href="/wit/Dean_%28education%29" class="new" title="Dean (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dean_(education)" id="wx1348">Deans of Faculties</a></li>

<li id="wx1349">
<p id="wx1350">Heads of Departments/Schools</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1351">
<p id="wx1352">Department/School <a href="/wit/Director_of_Studies" class="new" title="Director of Studies" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Director_of_Studies" id="wx1353">Directors of Studies</a></p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="United_States" name="United_States"/>
</wx:section></wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="United States" id="wxsec30"><h2 id="wx1354">United States</h2>

<a id="Academic_ranks_12" name="Academic_ranks_12"/>
<wx:section level="3" title="Academic ranks" id="wxsec67"><h3 id="wx1355">Academic ranks</h3>

<p id="wx1356">Regular faculty:</p>

<ul id="wx1357">
<li id="wx1358"><b id="wx1359">University Professor</b>
<p id="wx1360">or <b id="wx1361">Institute Professor</b> (not all universities)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1362"><b id="wx1363">Distinguished Professor</b>
<p id="wx1364">(usually a "Named Chair")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1365"><b id="wx1366">Professor</b>
<p id="wx1367">("Named Chair")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1368"><b id="wx1369">Professor</b>
<p id="wx1370">("Full Professor")</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1371"><b id="wx1372">Associate Professor</b></li>

<li id="wx1373"><b id="wx1374">Assistant Professor</b></li>

<li id="wx1375"><b id="wx1376">Instructor</b>
<p id="wx1377">(sometimes "Lecturer")</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx1378">Traditionally, Assistant Professor has been the usual entry-level rank for faculty who hold doctorates, although this depends on the institution and the field. While Instructorships seldom require a doctorate, competition for jobs has led to an increase in the number of Instructors who hold PhDs or other terminal degrees. The rank of Associate Professor usually indicates that the individual has been granted tenure at the institution. Professor is often the highest rank attained by a senior faculty member, although some institutions may offer some unique title to a senior faculty member whose research or publications have achieved wide recognition. This is most often a "named chair": for example, the "John Doe Professor of Philosophy". Large research universities also offer a small fraction of tenured faculty the title of "Distinguished Professor" to recognize outstanding and broad contributions to the advancement of a field of study. The most prestigious academic appointment is the University or Institute Professor. Such faculty members are not usually answerable to deans or department heads and may directly report to the University Provost.</p>

<p id="wx1379">Temporary faculty and those with special appointments:</p>

<p id="wx1380">"Adjunct" before the name of a rank (Adjunct Assistant Professor, etc.) may indicate a part-time or temporary appointment. Adjunct status may also be given to a faculty member from another academic department whose research or teaching interests overlap substantially with those of the appointing department.</p>

<p id="wx1381">"Visiting" before the name of a rank (Visiting Assistant Professor, etc.) almost always indicates a temporary appointment, often to fill a vacancy that has arisen due to the sabbatical or temporary absence of a regular faculty member.</p>

<p id="wx1382">"Research" before the name of a rank (Research Assistant Professor, etc.) usually indicates a full-time research position with few or no teaching responsibilities. Research professorships are almost always funded by grants or fellowships apart from the regular university budget.</p>

<p id="wx1383">"Clinical" before the name of a rank (Clinical Assistant Professor, etc.) usually indicates a part-time teaching position with limited research responsibilities, especially in the health sciences. At a law school, "clinical" professors may have highly variable teaching and research responsibilities, but all invariably supervise student <a href="/wit/Pro_bono_publico" title="Pro bono publico" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Pro_bono_publico" wx:page_id="1562152" id="wx1384">pro bono</a> <a href="/wit/Practice_of_law" class="new" title="Practice of law" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Practice_of_law" id="wx1385">law practice</a>.</p>

<p id="wx1386">"Emeritus" before or after the rank Professor or (less commonly) Associate Professor indicates a retired faculty member. Although an Emeritus faculty member is not paid a regular salary, often he or she has office space and at least some access to the university's facilities.</p>

<p id="wx1387">The ranks of Lecturer and Senior Lecturer are used at some American universities to denote permanent teaching positions with few or no research responsibilities. At other American universities, the rank of Lecturer is equivalent to that of Instructor.</p>

<a id="Other_teaching_and_research_personnel" name="Other_teaching_and_research_personnel"/>
<wx:section level="4" title="Other teaching and research personnel" id="wxsec74"><h4 id="wx1388">Other teaching and research personnel</h4>

<p id="wx1389">At some universities, librarians have a rank structure parallel to that of the regular faculty (Assistant Librarian, Associate Librarian, Librarian). Some senior librarians, and often the head librarian, may have faculty or faculty-equivalent rank.</p>

<p id="wx1390">Fellowships and Research Associate positions are most often limited-term appointments for postdoctoral researchers. They are not usually regarded as faculty positions, although some teaching may be required.</p>

<p id="wx1391">At most American universities, research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty.</p>

<a id="Administrative_ranks_10" name="Administrative_ranks_10"/>
</wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="3" title="Administrative ranks" id="wxsec68"><h3 id="wx1392">Administrative ranks</h3>

<a id="Officers_of_the_corporation" name="Officers_of_the_corporation"/>
<wx:section level="4" title="Officers of the corporation" id="wxsec75"><h4 id="wx1393">Officers of the corporation</h4>

<ul id="wx1394">
<li id="wx1395">
<p id="wx1396">President or <a href="/wit/Chancellor_%28education%29" class="new" title="Chancellor (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Chancellor_(education)" id="wx1397">Chancellor</a> (some schools use both titles)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1398"><a href="/wit/Provost_%28education%29" class="new" title="Provost (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Provost_(education)" id="wx1399">Provost</a>
<p id="wx1400">(sometimes called 'Chancellor', or 'President' or 'Warden')</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1401">
<p id="wx1402">Associate Provost (a theoretical rank, rarely if ever actually found)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1403">
<p id="wx1404">Assistant Provost (assists the Provost, as do any associates; not superior to vice presidents)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1405"><a href="/wit/Vice-Chancellor" class="new" title="Vice-Chancellor" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Vice-Chancellor" id="wx1406">Vice-Chancellors</a>
<p id="wx1407">or Vice Presidents (of Academic Affairs, Student Affairs, Finance, etc.)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1408">
<p id="wx1409">Associate Vice-Chancellor or Associate Vice President</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1410">
<p id="wx1411">Assistant Vice-Chancellor or Assistant Vice President</p>
</li>
</ul>

<a id="Academic_administrators" name="Academic_administrators"/>
</wx:section><wx:section level="4" title="Academic administrators" id="wxsec76"><h4 id="wx1412">Academic administrators</h4>

<ul id="wx1413">
<li id="wx1414"><a href="/wit/Dean_%28education%29" class="new" title="Dean (education)" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="Dean_(education)" id="wx1415">Deans</a>
<p id="wx1416">(often also Full Professors)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1417">
<p id="wx1418">Associate Deans (often also Full Professors)</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1419">
<p id="wx1420">Assistant Deans</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1421">
<p id="wx1422">Directors of Administrative Departments</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1423">
<p id="wx1424">Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments</p>
</li>

<li id="wx1425">
<p id="wx1426">Chairs or Heads of Academic Departments</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p id="wx1427">America's university system is highly variable, with each of the 50 states and the 6 non-state jurisdictions regulating its own tertiary institutions. In general, the terms "President" and "Chancellor" are interchangeable (like "Premier" and "Prime Minister"), including the vice presidents, associate and assistant vice presidents, and so on. The dominant paradigm is president, vice president, associate vice president, and assistant vice president. It is possible for a school to have both a president and a chancellor, the latter being otherwise called a provost (see <a href="/wit/University_System_of_Maryland" class="new" title="University System of Maryland" wx:linktype="unknown" wx:pagename="University_System_of_Maryland" id="wx1428">University System of Maryland</a>); but there are situations where universities have both job titles with quite different applicants.</p>

<p id="wx1429">In Calfifornia, for example, the chief executive officer of the entire California State University system of 23 campuses is called "Chancellor" while the CEO of each individual campus is called "President" - so, there is an officer called "Chancellor of the California State University", and there is the "President of San Francisco State University". Likewise, the University of California, but the terms are reversed - so there is the "President of the University of California", and below that person in the hierarchy is the "Chancellor of the University of California at Los Angeles", and so on.</p>

<p id="wx1430">The term 'Warden' is almost never used in the United States, at least not in an <i id="wx1431">academic</i> sense. Where it <i id="wx1432">is</i> used, it typically means "provost" or "dean".</p>

<p id="wx1433">Deans may head an individual college, school or faculty; or they may be deans of the student body, or a section of it (e.g., the dean of students in a law school); or they may be deans of a particular functional unit (e.g., Dean of Admissions, or Dean of Records); or they may be deans of a particular campus, or (unusually) of a particular building (e.g., a university with an elaborate performing arts complex might designate a very senior administrative faculty member as "Dean of the [Name] Performing Arts Center."</p>

<p id="wx1434">Academic department heads and chairs serve the same function, and there may also be associate and assistant department heads or chairs (though this is unusual). The term "Department Head" usually indicates the administrator is elected to the post by the faculty of the department, while the term "Department Chair" usually means the person is appointed by the dean without election by the faculty.</p>

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</wx:section></wx:section></wx:section><wx:section level="2" title="Voci correlate" id="wxsec31"><h2 id="wx1435">Voci correlate</h2>

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<li id="wx1437"><a href="/wit/Professore" title="Professore" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Professore" wx:page_id="280868" id="wx1438">Professore</a></li>

<li id="wx1439"><a href="/wit/Universit%C3%A0" title="Università" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Università" wx:page_id="1578421" id="wx1440">Università</a></li>

<li id="wx1441"><a href="/wit/Lista_di_accademici" title="Lista di accademici" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Lista_di_accademici" wx:page_id="834192" id="wx1442">Lista di accademici</a></li>
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<a href="/wit/index.php?title=Speciale:Categories&amp;article=Cariche_accademiche" title="Speciale:Categories" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Speciale:Categories" id="wx1443">Categorie</a>: <span dir="ltr" id="wx1444"><a href="/wit/Categoria:Da_tradurre_-_universit%C3%A0" title="Categoria:Da tradurre - università" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Categoria:Da_tradurre_-_università" wx:page_id="1103417" id="wx1445">Da tradurre - università</a></span> | <span dir="ltr" id="wx1446"><a href="/wit/Categoria:Da_tradurre_dalla_lingua_inglese" title="Categoria:Da tradurre dalla lingua inglese" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Categoria:Da_tradurre_dalla_lingua_inglese" wx:page_id="126044" id="wx1447">Da tradurre dalla lingua inglese</a></span> | <span dir="ltr" id="wx1448"><a href="/wit/Categoria:Da_tradurre_ottobre_2007" title="Categoria:Da tradurre ottobre 2007" wx:linktype="known" wx:pagename="Categoria:Da_tradurre_ottobre_2007" wx:page_id="1361544" id="wx1449">Da tradurre ottobre 2007</a></span></div>
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Altre lingue: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_rank" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="en:Academic_rank" id="wx1450">English</a> | <a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beoszt%C3%A1s_%28fels%C5%91oktat%C3%A1s%29" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="hu:Beosztás_(felsőoktatás)" id="wx1451">Magyar</a> | <a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%93%A1%E3%81%AE%E8%81%B7%E9%9A%8E" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="ja:教員の職階" id="wx1452">日本語</a> | <a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pracownicy_uczelni" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="pl:Pracownicy_uczelni" id="wx1453">Polski</a> | <a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8Dc_h%C3%A0m" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="vi:Học_hàm" id="wx1454">Tiếng Việt</a> | <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%81%8C%E7%A7%B0" class="external" wx:linktype="interwiki" wx:pagename="zh:大学职称" id="wx1455">中文</a></div>
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